{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T13:43:16Z","timestamp":1792417396355,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study investigated the prevalence, virulence gene distribution, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular epidemiology of mesophilic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aeromonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      species from milk, dairy farm environments, and drinking water systems in Kashmir, India.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aeromonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      prevalence varied between sample sources, with environmental samples having the highest detection rate (51.96%), followed by water sources (46.60%) and milk (36.15%). Following pasteurization and disinfection, prevalence in milk samples was significantly reduced, demonstrating the efficacy of hygiene measures in minimizing contamination. Higher detection rates were found in environmental sources like soil, cow dung, and milkers\u2019 hands, suggesting their role as potential sources of contamination. The Aeromonads exhibited a wide distribution of virulence determinants; species-associated variations were noted for the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ahc<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ast<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes, while the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fla<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene was ubiquitous among isolates. Virulence gene distribution differed between species, with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aeromonas hydrophila<\/jats:italic>\n                      exhibiting the most varied virulence profiles. Antimicrobial resistance patterns were generally comparable among the mesophilic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aeromonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, and multidrug resistance was detected in 45.8% of the isolates. Analysis of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrB<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">rpoD<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes based on sequencing distinguished isolates into species-specific clades, with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrB<\/jats:italic>\n                      providing the highest intra-species resolution, suggesting its utility as an informative marker for molecular epidemiological investigations of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aeromonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      . These results show that water systems and dairy environments are significant sources of genetically diverse Aeromonads carrying virulence and antimicrobial resistance determinants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aeromonas<\/jats:italic>\n                        species are widely distributed in aquatic environments and are increasingly recognized as emerging opportunistic pathogens, yet their role in dairy production systems remains poorly understood. The prevalence and genetic relatedness of mesophilic\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aeromonas<\/jats:italic>\n                        spp. across milk, dairy farm environments, and drinking water systems remain underexplored. By integrating prevalence data from a large and diverse collection of samples with virulence profiling, antimicrobial resistance characterization, and sequencing-based molecular epidemiology, the present study provides a comprehensive assessment of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aeromonas<\/jats:italic>\n                        populations across these interconnected compartments. The findings underscore the importance of hygienic practices during milk production and the need for routine monitoring of environmental and water sources associated with dairy systems. Improved understanding of the genetic diversity and distribution of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aeromonas<\/jats:italic>\n                        can support more effective surveillance strategies and help mitigate potential risks to food safety and public health.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01471-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T13:01:51Z","timestamp":1792414911000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sequencing-based molecular epidemiology of mesophilic\n                    <i>Aeromonas<\/i>\n                    in dairy environments and water systems"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2568-7342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maliha","family":"Gulzar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jgwn197","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir","place":["Srinagar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4632-4655","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mudasir Ali","family":"Rather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jgwn197","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir","place":["Srinagar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Akram","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jgwn197","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir","place":["Srinagar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7731-3334","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sabia","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jgwn197","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir","place":["Srinagar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7058-3924","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Showkat Ahmad","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jgwn197","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir","place":["Srinagar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7352-9570","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad Ruhail","family":"Gulzar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Huddersfield","place":["Huddersfield, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5455-0468","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ambreen","family":"Hamadani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jgwn197","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir","place":["Srinagar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehak Nisar","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jgwn197","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir","place":["Srinagar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid Shafi","family":"Kawoosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jgwn197","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir","place":["Srinagar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117361"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11182757"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2025. 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