{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:01:07Z","timestamp":1790161267550,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004761","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["824MS158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["824MS158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Non-typhoidal\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      (NTS) is a major foodborne pathogen causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly affecting children under 5 years of age. Despite its public health importance, systematic studies on NTS infection in children in Hainan Province, China, are limited. We performed a comprehensive retrospective analysis of 77 NTS isolates collected from children at the Hainan Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center between April 2023 and May 2024. The study integrated antimicrobial susceptibility testing, whole-genome sequencing, and phylogenetic reconstruction to elucidate the molecular epidemiology and resistance of this pathogen. The invasive infection rate of NTS was 10.4% (8\/77; 95% CI: 4.6%\u201319.4%). Children under 3 years were disproportionately affected (66\/77, 85.7%), and infections peaked in summer and autumn. Sixteen serotypes and 16 sequence types (STs) were identified. The predominant serotypes were monophasic 1,4,[5],12:i:- (31\/77, 40.3%), Typhimurium (12\/77, 15.6%), and Stanley (9\/77, 11.7%). Serotype was strongly associated with ST, with monophasic 1,4,[5],12:i:- (ST34) (40.3%) and Typhimurium (ST19) (15.6%) being the most prevalent. The ST34 lineage demonstrated extensive multidrug resistance (23\/31, 74.2%; 95% CI: 55.4%\u201488.1%) and accounted for the majority of resistance to ampicillin (29\/31, 93.5%; 95% CI: 78.6%\u201499.2%) and ampicillin-sulbactam (24\/31, 77.4%; 95% CI: 58.9%\u201490.4%). High-risk plasmids were identified, including IncHI2A-type vectors carrying the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>NDM-5<\/jats:sub>\n                      carbapenemase gene and an IncFIA\/HI1 plasmid harboring the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>(X4)<\/jats:sub>\n                      tigecycline resistance gene. Phylogeographic analysis indicated that the Hainan ST34 strains belong to a China-specific clade undergoing recent clonal expansion although evidence of international transmission was also detected. These findings reveal a distinct epidemiological pattern in Hainan, marked by the predominance of multidrug-resistant ST34 and an elevated invasive infection rate in young children. Targeted surveillance and \u201cOne Health\u201d interventions in tropical regions are urgently needed to limit the spread of high-risk NTS clones.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        This study addresses the research gap of pediatric non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) in tropical Hainan via comprehensive analysis of 77 clinical isolates. It characterizes the local molecular epidemiology, revealing regional epidemic features and high susceptibility in young children. The multidrug-resistant monophasic ST34 clone is identified as the predominant strain. Notably, high-risk resistance plasmids carrying\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                        <jats:sub>NDM-5<\/jats:sub>\n                        and\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet<\/jats:italic>\n                        <jats:sub>(X4)<\/jats:sub>\n                        are detected, indicating hidden horizontal transmission risks of critical antibiotic resistance. Global phylogeny verifies the China-specific expansion of local ST34 strains with cross-regional and zoonotic potential. These findings underscore the severe threat of MDR NTS in tropical island areas, providing key epidemiological and genomic evidence for targeted surveillance, prudent antibiotic administration and One Health strategies, and offering vital references for NTS control in tropical and subtropical regions.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01502-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T10:00:51Z","timestamp":1790157651000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genomic epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of non-typhoidal\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    in children in Hainan Province, China"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"given":"Huaiyu","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01v27vf29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center","place":["Haikou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0144s0951","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital","place":["Hangzhou, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00a2xv884","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, China-Singapore Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Infection Research and Drug Development, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaozhuang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01v27vf29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center","place":["Haikou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guozhen","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01v27vf29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center","place":["Haikou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9092-2348","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Min","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01v27vf29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center","place":["Haikou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"FAO\/WHO. 2016. Interventions for the control of non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. in beef and pork: Meeting report and systematic review. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241565240."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59758-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2015. WHO estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases: foodborne disease burden epidemiology reference group 2007-2015. World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241565165."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012960"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.85867"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","unstructured":"Anonymous.. 2024. WHO bacterial priority pathogens list 2024: bacterial pathogens of public health importance to guide research development and strategies to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance. 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