{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:56:39Z","timestamp":1791294999512,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia miyamotoi<\/jats:italic>\n                      is an emerging tick-borne pathogen in the Northern Hemisphere that causes a relapsing fever-like illness known as\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia miyamotoi<\/jats:italic>\n                      disease. Despite increased recognition of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. miyamotoi<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a human pathogen, the mechanisms underlying infection and pathology remain poorly understood. During routine cultivation of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. miyamotoi<\/jats:italic>\n                      LB-2001, our lab observed that bacterial cultures extensively passaged\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      (over 70 passages) lost the ability to establish infection in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. Clonal populations were isolated from both high- and low-passage cultures, and three distinct phenotypes were emerged\u2014infections, attenuated, and non-infectious\u2014each showing an inverse correlation between culture growth and infectivity in SCID mice. Infection outcomes in mice revealed differences in spirochetemia, hepatosplenomegaly, and anemia among the clones. Genomic DNA sequencing identified potential virulence determinants associated with these infectious phenotypes. These findings lay the groundwork for uncovering molecular mechanisms of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. miyamotoi<\/jats:italic>\n                      pathogenesis and identifying targets to mitigate the impact of this emerging pathogen.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        As global expansion of tick habitats increases, tick-borne diseases are becoming more prevalent and widespread. The emerging tick-borne pathogen\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia miyamotoi<\/jats:italic>\n                        warrants increased scrutiny. This work demonstrates loss of infectivity in immunocompromised mice by\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. miyamotoi<\/jats:italic>\n                        subjected to continual\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                        cultivation, as well as the isolation of clonal populations that demonstrate differences in infectivity with three distinct phenotypes: infectious, attenuated, and non-infectious. Characterizing how clonal isolates have differences in infectivity can lead to the identification of novel factors required for virulence.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01526-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:02:12Z","timestamp":1791291732000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clonal isolation of\n                    <i>Borrelia miyamotoi<\/i>\n                    identifies multiple infection phenotypes and potential novel virulence determinants"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"given":"Dawn","family":"Cleveland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04a5szx83","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota","place":["Grand Forks, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Tourand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern Alabama","place":["Mobile, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Casselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern Alabama","place":["Mobile, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04a5szx83","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biology, University of North Dakota","place":["Grand Forks, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoa","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04a5szx83","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota","place":["Grand Forks, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Aldinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04a5szx83","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota","place":["Grand Forks, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5475-5482","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Heidi","family":"Pecoraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05h1bnb22","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"North Dakota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota State University","place":["Fargo, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0792-1403","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Brissette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04a5szx83","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota","place":["Grand Forks, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-45-4-804"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.101474"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04071-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020267"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00055"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02036-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2007.131587"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","unstructured":"NIAID. 2024. 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