{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:39:58Z","timestamp":1792510798765,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection remodels the gut microbiome, yet its impact on microbial vitamin biosynthetic potential and host redox metabolism remains unclear. Here, we integrated mouse gut metagenomes with publicly available metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) to construct a genome-resolved atlas of B-vitamin and vitamin K\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      biosynthesis. From 45,697 MAGs, we curated 4,771 representative genomes, of which 2,682 met high-quality criteria (completeness \u226590%, contamination &lt;5%). Functional annotation identified 229,717 vitamin-related genes corresponding to 177 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) orthologs across\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                      pathways for eight B vitamins, thiamine (B\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), riboflavin (B\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), niacin (B\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), pantothenate (B\n                      <jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), pyridoxine (B\n                      <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), biotin (B\n                      <jats:sub>7<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), folate (B\n                      <jats:sub>9<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), cobalamin (B\n                      <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), and vitamin K\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Among the high-quality genomes, 1,665 encoded complete\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                      pathways for at least one vitamin, highlighting functional specialization and community-level complementarity. Transcripts per million-normalized metagenomic read counts revealed significant differences in KEGG ortholog abundances across six of the nine vitamin pathways. Reanalysis of metagenomic data from infected mice (acute, chronic, and control;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 10 per group) revealed a stage-dependent reduction in \u03b1-diversity of vitamin biosynthesis pathways during acute infection, and a clear \u03b2-diversity separation from chronic and control groups. Core niacin biosynthesis genes (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">nadB<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">nadA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">nadC<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) displayed phylum-specific redistribution, indicating selective remodeling of microbial NAD\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      precursor production under infection-induced metabolic stress. These results suggest that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection disrupts cooperative vitamin biosynthetic networks while specifically modulating niacin pathways linked to host NAD\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      metabolism.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gut microbes can synthesize essential vitamins, but how infection alters this function is poorly understood. By integrating mouse gut metagenomes with genome-resolved microbial data, we show that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection reshapes the vitamin biosynthetic potential of the gut microbiome in a stage-dependent manner. Acute infection reduces the diversity of vitamin biosynthesis pathways and shifts the taxonomic distribution of key niacin biosynthesis genes involved in microbial NAD\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      precursor production. These findings identify vitamin metabolism, especially niacin-related pathways, as a sensitive functional axis of microbiome remodeling during infection. Our work links microbial taxonomic changes to functional metabolic consequences and suggests that microbiome-mediated regulation of NAD\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      -related metabolism may contribute to host redox adaptation during\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01564-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:01:16Z","timestamp":1788872476000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genome-resolved analysis reveals disruption of gut microbial vitamin B and K\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    biosynthesis during\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    infection in mice"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3411-4878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai-Long","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Changchun Sci-Tech University","place":["Changchun, People's Republic of China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01vv37n49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuzhou University","place":["Wuzhou, People's Republic of China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dmhhd41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University","place":["Changchun, People's Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3303-930X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hany 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