{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T12:59:11Z","timestamp":1789909151852,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021R1I1A3A04037486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1I1A3A04037486"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022R1C1C2006146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1C1C2006146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021R1A2C1008368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A2C1008368"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    species are the most common cause of fungal infections, and thus the emergence of antifungal-resistant species and biofilm formation by\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    further threatens the limited availability of antifungal agents. We investigated the antifungal and antibiofilm activities of 27 chromones against nine\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, including\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans, Candida glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Candida parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Candida auris<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Four chromone-3-carbonitriles exhibited good antifungal activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations from 5 to 50 \u00b5g\/mL and significantly inhibited biofilm formation by\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Furthermore, these four chromone-3-carbonitriles markedly inhibited cell aggregation and hypha formation, which are virulence factors and prerequisites for\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm formation. Transcriptomic analyses showed that the most active 6-bromochromone-3-carbonitrile downregulated the expressions of hypha-forming and biofilm-related genes (\n                    <jats:italic>TEC1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>UME6<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) but upregulated the hyphal regulator\n                    <jats:italic>UCF1<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Toxicity assays conducted using plant and nematode models showed that the four chromone-3-carbonitriles were non-to-mildly toxic. This study suggests that chromones bearing the 3-carbonitrile motif should be considered potential antifungal agents against\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    species.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The persistence of\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections is due to its ability to form biofilms that enable it to resist antifungals and host immune systems. Hence, inhibitions of the biofilm formation and virulence characteristics of\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. provide potential means of addressing these infections. Among various chromone derivatives tested, four chromone-3-carbonitriles showed antifungal, antibiofilm, and antivirulence activities against several\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      species. Their mode of action has been partially revealed, and their toxicity is reported here using nematode and plant models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01737-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T09:02:44Z","timestamp":1698138164000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Antifungal and antibiofilm activities of chromones against nine\n                    <i>Candida<\/i>\n                    species"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6397-4342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Hyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8355-760X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-Guy","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeseul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1383-1682","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jintae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00199"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2022.102237"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00131-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2636"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.6b01720"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr400265z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17179\/excli2017-356"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2007.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.0c00587"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11164-016-2602-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00397911.2011.647222"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d1ra02553h"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm030303e"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2007.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2016.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2010.08.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2011.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0968-0896(02)00103-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2021.105004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2019.1696333"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S301483"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-091014-104330"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14949"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00163-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02536-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.9b00033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13710"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","unstructured":"CLSI\n. 2017. 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