{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:10:28Z","timestamp":1791562228594,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n The environmental pollution from the misuse of antimicrobial drugs is fueling selection pressure in bacteria, thereby exacerbating the threat to global health. In Iraq, the situation is made worse by the poor implementation of the World Health Organization\u2019s Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (WHO-GLASS). Consequently, this study aimed to increase surveillance of the spread of antimicrobial resistance in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq. A total of 296\n Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n comprising 147\n Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n and 149\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n were isolated from humans, poultry, and dairy farms. The isolates were screened using multiplex PCR to assess the prevalence of the clinically important integron integrase (\n intI<\/jats:italic>\n ) classes and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) of commonly used antibiotics. Remarkably, 81.14% of the isolates carried at least 2 ARGs, 10.47%\n intI1<\/jats:italic>\n , and 3.72%\n intI2<\/jats:italic>\n . No\n intI3<\/jats:italic>\n was detected. A total of 663 ARGs were identified using multiplex PCR in the two\n Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n : beta-lactamase genes were 43%, tetracycline resistance genes 25.20%, sulfonamide resistance gene 16.10%, quinolone resistance gene 10.2%, and aminoglycoside resistance genes 5.7%.\n K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n harbored more integrons and ARGs than\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n , thus posing a higher antimicrobial resistance threat in this province. This study underscores the importance of implementing more stringent WHO-GLASS and antibiotic stewardship to end the multidrug resistance crisis in Iraq.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n \n These data are about the prevalence of integrons and resistance genes, helping to fill a significant gap in global surveillance efforts. Results can be used by global health authorities and the World Health Organization to develop national and international antimicrobial resistance (AMR) control strategies. The study is important because integrons are key genetic platforms that capture and disseminate antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria. In addition,\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n spp. are among the top causes of hospital- and community-acquired infections, especially urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections, and pneumonia. Therefore, it will be riskier when these bacteria have a high rate of integrons and resistance genes because it impedes treatments during infection. Another importance of this study is that the study was carried out in Iraq. Iraq, like many low- and middle-income countries, faces challenges with unregulated antibiotic use, leading to high rates of AMR.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01751-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T13:00:19Z","timestamp":1757509219000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Distribution and molecular characterization of integron classes from\n Escherichia coli<\/i>\n and\n Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/i>\n isolates in Sulaymaniyah province of Iraq"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6756-5696","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Taib Ahmed","family":"Hama Soor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05v9vy052","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Medical Laboratory Department, College of Health and Medical Technology, Sulaimani Polytechnic University","place":["Sulaymaniyah, Iraq"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024j6hc19","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, College of Health Sciences, Cihan University - Sulaimaniya","place":["Sulaymaniyah, Iraq"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050667"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0083"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00473-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22038\/ijbms.2018.32052.7697"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.202100201"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555816728.ch66"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293169"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1231938"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0019-2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.EPX.0000483165.56114.d8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-015-0100-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15666\/aeer\/1805_60256040"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.4.589"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.11.49"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30278-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2013.875515"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01850.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26719\/2024.30.10.663"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14500\/aro.11689"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/18.6.596"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s002217240000259x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","first-page":"117","article-title":"Heat treatment of bacteria: a simple method of DNA extraction for molecular techniques","volume":"41","author":"Dashti AA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dashti AA, Jadaon MM, Abdulsamad AM, Dashti HM. 2009. 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