{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:15:32Z","timestamp":1790363732587,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["KN1097\/7-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KN1097\/7-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Czech Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GC18-23521J"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GC18-23521J"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Virology and Bacteriology","award":["LX22NPO5103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LX22NPO5103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The bacterium\n            <jats:italic>Treponema paraluisleporidarum<\/jats:italic>\n            causes syphilis in lagomorphs. In a set of 1,095 samples from four species\u2014European brown hare, mountain hare, Corsican hare, and European rabbit\u2014we tested for infection and genotyped the strains that infect wild lagomorphs. Samples originate from Sweden, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Germany, the Czech Republic, and Italy. The phylogenetic analyses of two informative gene targets (\n            <jats:italic>tp0488<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>tp0548<\/jats:italic>\n            ) showed high genetic diversity among the lagomorph-infecting treponemes. More specifically, we found a high number of nucleotide variants and various short repeat units in the\n            <jats:italic>tp0548<\/jats:italic>\n            locus that have not been described for human syphilis and primate yaws causing\n            <jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n            . While the functional aspect of these short repeat units remains subject to ongoing investigations, it likely enables the pathogen to better survive in its lagomorph host. Our data did not support any geographic clustering, which is equally reflected in the host population genetics as shown by mitochondrial genome data corresponding to the sampled lagomorph populations. This is unexpected and in contrast with what has been shown for nonhuman primate infection with\n            <jats:italic>T. pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n            . In the future, the combination of multi-locus sequence typing and whole genome data from modern and ancient samples from a wide geographic range and multiple lagomorph species will contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology and evolutionary path of lagomorph-infecting treponemes. In conclusion, our current study demonstrates widespread infection and a high genetic variation of the syphilis-causing pathogen in a higher number of positively PCR-tested European lagomorphs (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 302\/1,095).\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Syphilis is an ancient disease of humans and lagomorphs caused by two distinct but genetically closely related bacteria (&gt;98% sequence identity based on the whole genome) of the genus\n              <jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>\n              . While human syphilis is well studied, little is known about the disease in the lagomorph host. Yet, comparative studies are needed to understand mechanisms in host\u2013pathogen coevolution in treponematoses. Importantly,\n              <jats:italic>Treponema paraluisleporidarum<\/jats:italic>\n              \u2013infected hare populations provide ample opportunity to study the syphilis-causing pathogen in a naturally infected model population without antibiotic treatment, data that cannot be obtained from syphilis infection in humans. We provide data on genetic diversity and are able to highlight various types of repetitions in one of the two hypervariable regions at the\n              <jats:italic>tp0548<\/jats:italic>\n              locus that have not been described in the human syphilis-causing sister bacterium\n              <jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n              subsp.\n              <jats:italic>pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n              .\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01774-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T14:07:35Z","timestamp":1702562855000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["High prevalence and genetic diversity of\n            <i>Treponema paraluisleporidarum<\/i>\n            isolates in European lagomorphs"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5744-4946","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sascha","family":"Knauf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of International Animal Health\/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health , Greifswald, Germany"},{"name":"Infection Biology Unit, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research , G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"Professorship for International Animal Health\/One Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University , Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Hisgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of International Animal Health\/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health , Greifswald, Germany"},{"name":"Infection Biology Unit, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research , G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik O.","family":"\u00c5gren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute , Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Barlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Network for Disease Surveillance, Bristol Veterinary School , Langford, Somerset, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Faehndrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation , Hanover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9505-4612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"Voigt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation , Hanover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Research Institute, State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection North Rhine-Westphalia , Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Grillov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Masaryk University , Brno, Czechia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa K.","family":"Hallmaier-Wacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Biology Unit, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research , G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marja J. 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and Welfare \u2013 Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna , Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"L\u00fcert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of International Animal Health\/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health , Greifswald, Germany"},{"name":"Infection Biology Unit, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research , G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8249-4494","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mark\u00e9ta","family":"Nov\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Masaryk University , Brno, 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