{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T06:13:54Z","timestamp":1788502434462,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n Candida glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n (\n Nakaseomyces glabratus<\/jats:italic>\n ) is an important cause of invasive fungal infections and may exhibit reduced susceptibility toward antifungal drugs. Here, we used whole-genome sequencing to investigate the genomic phylogeny and identify genetic determinants of antifungal resistance in a collection of 142 clinical\n C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n isolates obtained from the 10 provinces of Canada between 2013 and 2020. Our study prioritized resistant isolates (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 62, 43.7%) from invasive infections to better understand antifungal resistance and represents the largest national genomic survey of clinical\n C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n isolates performed to date in Canada. Phylogenomic analysis based on single-nucleotide variants in the core genome revealed 15 genetically related clusters of\n C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n . The largest cluster (cluster I,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 29) was significantly associated with antifungal resistance (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n value = 0.0112). Antifungal-resistant isolates were present in almost all clusters, suggesting that resistance most likely arises from selective pressure during antifungal therapy, rather than dissemination of resistant clones. Thirty-six unique\n PDR1<\/jats:italic>\n variants were found in 38\/52 (73.1%) fluconazole-resistant\n C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n isolates, with more than half identified in this study as potential novel azole resistance variants. Well-characterized hot-spot variants in\n FKS<\/jats:italic>\n genes (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 5) were found in 12\/13 (92.3%) micafungin-resistant\n C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n isolates. Our genomic analysis highlights the diversity in strain types and sheds light on potential genetic mechanisms of resistance in Canadian isolates of\n C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n \n IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n \n Candida glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n , also known as\n Nakaseomyces glabratus<\/jats:italic>\n , is a type of yeast that can cause infections in individuals with weakened immune systems. Invasive infections can be difficult to treat since some\n C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n isolates may not respond well to common antifungals. We studied a large collection of\n C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n isolates collected from across Canada to better understand how\n C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n spreads and why this fungal pathogen sometimes resists treatment. Using whole-genome sequence analysis, we found that drug resistance appears in different strains independently, likely as a result of treatment, rather than spreading from a single clone. We also identified specific mutations that may be linked to resistance to commonly used antifungal drugs, such as fluconazole and micafungin. Our research shows how valuable whole-genome sequencing is for understanding the spread and drug resistance of\n C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n , which can help improve treatment and infection control.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01803-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T14:00:16Z","timestamp":1764165616000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Phylogenomic analysis and genetic mechanisms of antifungal resistance in clinical isolates of\n Candida glabrata<\/i>\n (\n Nakaseomyces glabratus<\/i>\n ) from across Canada, 2013\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3829-8873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenica G.","family":"De 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Diagnostic Services, Shared Health","place":["Winnipeg, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6936-406X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tanis C.","family":"Dingle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04gvvdt54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Alberta Precision Laboratories\u2014Public Health Laboratory","place":["Calgary, Canada"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03yjb2x39","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary","place":["Calgary, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe J.","family":"Dufresne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ej8cj80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Laboratoire de sante\u0301 publique du Qu\u00e9bec, Institut national de sant\u00e9 publique du 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