{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:23:37Z","timestamp":1788269017980,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2030-42000-055-000-D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2030-42000-055-000-D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      serovar Infantis (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Infantis) becomes the primary pathogen among the top\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      serotypes, contributing to numerous cases of foodborne illness annually in the United States.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Infantis infection has spread rapidly worldwide, especially the clones with pESI-like plasmids. However, the underlying mechanisms regarding the transmission of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Infantis, particularly mobile genetic elements (MGEs), mediated horizontal gene transfer, are limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship, if any, among MGEs, antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs), and virulence factors (VFs) within\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Infantis via genomic analysis. A total of 91\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Infantis complete genomes with high sequencing quality were selected for downstream bioinformatic analysis. The results showed that the majority of VFs were located in the bacterial chromosomes, while most ARGs were carried by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Infantis mega-plasmids in an MGE-favored manner. Integrons and transposons were closely associated with certain ARGs, but prophages within mega-plasmids displayed a diverse ARG profile. Collectively, MGE-mediated horizontal gene transfer might lead to ARG acquisition by mega-plasmids, subsequently contributing to the resistome of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Infantis. Our findings provide insights into the development of MGE-associated resistome in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Infantis that could inform more effective prevention and intervention strategies to control this pathogen, further ensuring public health and safety.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        The rapid emergence and transmission of antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens pose a significant risk to public health, necessitating the discovery of underlying mechanisms to control multidrug-resistant pathogens.\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                        serovar Infantis (\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                        . Infantis) has become a pathogen of clinical and epidemiological relevance in recent years, ranking as the top prevalent serovar associated with foodborne illnesses and exhibiting resistance to several antibiotics. The current investigation of multidrug resistance (MDR)\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                        . Infantis strains primarily emphasized the presence of mega-plasmids. However, the question of how mega-plasmids contribute to the transmission of antibiotic-resistant genes (ARG) is unaddressed. Utilizing the genomic characterization of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                        . Infantis complete genomes with high quality, our study revealed that the resistome of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                        . Infantis mega-plasmids\u2014the primary ARG reservoirs of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                        . Infantis\u2014followed a specific pattern of mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Monitoring the spread of MGE-carried ARGs within mega-plasmids should be considered in future surveillance.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01827-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T13:00:53Z","timestamp":1784811653000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mobile genetic elements-driven partitions of mega-plasmids resistome in\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    Infantis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3911-8095","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yujie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03x7fn667","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center","place":["Albany, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mackenna","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03x7fn667","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center","place":["Albany, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4181-5308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yen-Te","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03x7fn667","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center","place":["Albany, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1525-1078","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vivian C. 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