{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T13:20:09Z","timestamp":1753881609913,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707177600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021310","name":"Nigerian Institute of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NMG-CIF-18-0036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMG-CIF-18-0036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021310","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000683","name":"Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000683","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Intranasal sprays containing\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n            species are being researched for treating viral respiratory tract infections. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the nasal carriage of\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n            and COVID-19 severity. This was a cross-sectional study that collected nasopharyngeal samples from adults 18 years and above visiting two COVID-19 testing centers in Lagos, Nigeria, between September 2020 and September 2021.\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n            species were cultured from the samples and confirmed using 16 s rRNA gene sequencing. The dependent variable was COVID-19 status classified as negative, asymptomatic, mild, or severe. The independent variable was the nasal carriage of\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n            species. Multinomial regression analysis was done to determine the association between nasal carriage of\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n            and COVID-19 severity after adjusting for age, sex, and co-morbidity status. A total of 388 participants were included in the study with mean (standard deviation) age of 40.05 (13.563) years. Sixty-one percent of the participants were male, 100 (25.8%) had severe COVID-19, 130 (33.5%) had pre-existing comorbidity, and 76 (19.6%) had\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n            cultured from their nasopharyngeal specimen.\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n            species presence was significantly associated with higher odds of severe COVID-19 compared to having a negative COVID-19 status (AOR = 3.347, 95% CI: 1.359, 8.243). However, the presence of\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n            species was significantly associated with lower odds of severe COVID-19 compared to having a mild COVID-19 status. The study suggests that nasal carriage of\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n            species is associated with the clinical course of COVID-19 and supports the exploration of\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n            species in the management of viral respiratory tract infections.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              With the introduction of intranasal spray containing\n              <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n              species for the treatment of viral respiratory tract infections, such as COVID-19 and respiratory syncytial virus, identifying the association between the nasal carriage of\n              <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n              species and COVID-19 susceptibility and severity will help further substantiate the investigation of these bacteria for COVID-19 prevention and treatment. This study evaluated the association between the carriage of\n              <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n              species in the nasopharyngeal tract and COVID-19 severity and found that the presence of\n              <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n              species in the nasopharynx may significantly impact the clinical course of COVID-19.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01843-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T14:00:20Z","timestamp":1704808820000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of nasal carriage of\n            <i>Bacillus<\/i>\n            species on COVID-19 severity: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7140-2689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muinah 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