{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:49:35Z","timestamp":1793836175302,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015-68004-23131, 2020-6701-31401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015-68004-23131, 2020-6701-31401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a significant food safety and public health concern. Poultry products have been considered the main vehicles of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections in humans.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      being present in visually healthy poultry is suggested as the preeminent human transmission risk factor, allowing bacteria to easily transmit from eggs and poultry to humans. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been suggested as promising alternatives to current antibiotics because of their low propensity for resistance development. In this study, we tested the efficacy of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                      GG (LGG)-derived small peptides (P1-NPSRQERR, P2- PDENK, and P4-MLNERVK) against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium (ST) and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Enteritidis (SE) both\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and in chickens. Peptides inhibited ST, SE, and other public health\u2013relevant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      serovars\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The antibacterial activity of peptides is likely due to their effect on\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      membranes. Importantly, P1 and P2 effectively reduced the colonization of ST by 2.2 and 1.8 logs, respectively, in chickens at 7 days post-infection. P1, P2, and P4 possessed no adverse effect on chicken cecum microbial community, but chickens not treated and challenged with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      showed a difference in microbial richness and evenness compared to the unchallenged chickens. Furthermore, peptides retain their activity upon exposure to heat and protease treatments\u2014characteristics necessary for the use of antimicrobial products in the poultry industry. In summary, these small peptides can provide a promising approach to develop novel strategies for controlling\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections in chickens.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        is the most frequently reported bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the United States. Poultry products (eggs and poultry meat) have been considered the main vehicles of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        infections in humans. There is a need for developing and implementing effective antibiotic alternatives to reduce\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        in chickens, minimize human exposures, and simultaneously contribute to alleviating antibiotic resistance. AMPs have been suggested as promising alternatives to current antibiotics because of their low propensity for resistance development. Our study showed that LGG-derived peptides (P1-NPSRQERR, P2-PDENK, and P4-MLNERVK) significantly inhibit ST, SE and other\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        serovars\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                        and in chickens. Overall, our results demonstrate that small peptides can facilitate the development of promising approaches to control\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        infections in poultry, thus contributing to improved food safety and public health.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01848-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T14:01:48Z","timestamp":1762178508000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Antimicrobial peptides disrupting the bacterial membrane reduce\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    colonization in chickens"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Gary","family":"Closs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rs6vg23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University","place":["Columbus, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rs6vg23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University","place":["Wooster, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2196-2359","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dipak","family":"Kathayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rs6vg23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University","place":["Wooster, USA"]},{"name":"Richard A. Gillespie College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University","place":["Harrogate, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1470-5418","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yosra A.","family":"Helmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rs6vg23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University","place":["Wooster, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02k3smh20","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky","place":["Lexington, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menuka","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rs6vg23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University","place":["Wooster, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2443-6733","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gireesh","family":"Rajashekara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rs6vg23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University","place":["Wooster, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/047426m28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","place":["Urbana, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.p11101"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","unstructured":"CDC. 2018. 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