{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T13:19:10Z","timestamp":1792329550374,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA | National Institute of Food and Agriculture","award":["Hatch Project 7000326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hatch Project 7000326"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Amid persistent concerns over microbial foodborne illnesses and escalating antibiotic resistance, we introduce \u201cNP,\u201d a novel and effective broad-spectrum\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:underline>n<\/jats:underline>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      atural antimicrobial\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:underline>p<\/jats:underline>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      roduct derived from the filtered culture broth of\n                      <jats:italic>Aspergillus oryzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      grown in a food-grade liquid medium. NP demonstrates potent bactericidal activity against a range of food-borne and ESKPAE pathogens, including\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureu<\/jats:italic>\n                      s (including eight distinct drug-resistant methicillin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains),\n                      <jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumonia<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (including O157:H7) with minimal inhibitory strength ranging from 25% to 100%. In addition, NP exhibits robust antifungal activity against several human pathogenic fungi including\n                      <jats:italic>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the prevalent food spoilage mold\n                      <jats:italic>Penicillium<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, arresting spore germination and vegetative cell growth. Mechanistically, NP disrupts the structural integrity of bacterial and fungal cell membranes, increasing membrane permeability and leading to cell death. Furthermore, genome-wide expression analyses of\n                      <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      vegetative cells exposed to NP reveal the downregulation of genes associated with the liveness of the fungal cells including ergosterol biosynthesis, cell wall maintenance, and development, with network analysis highlighting NP\u2019s impact on various metabolic pathways. Notably, NP is presumed safe and thermally stable, holding promise for addressing foodborne illnesses and drug-resistant infections through the development and widespread application of a new generation of antimicrobials.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The development of NP, a potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial, is a significant breakthrough in the ongoing challenge against microbial foodborne illnesses and the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. This food-grade culture broth of\n                      <jats:italic>Aspergillus oryzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      demonstrates exceptional broad-spectrum efficacy against a variety of harmful bacteria and fungi, including drug-resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and prevalent food spoilage molds. NP exhibits strong bactericidal activity against various foodborne and ESKAPE pathogens, and strong antifungal activity against Penicillium species,\n                      <jats:italic>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The potent bactericidal and antifungal properties of NP are a result of its ability to disrupt microbial cell membranes leading to increased permeability. Furthermore, the genome-wide impact of NP on fungal gene expression and metabolic pathways underscores its comprehensive antimicrobial action, leading to transcriptomic and metabolic changes associated with cell death in\n                      <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01854-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T09:05:53Z","timestamp":1729587953000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities of a food fermentate of\n                    <i>Aspergillus oryzae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9674-1853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dasol","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, USA"]},{"name":"Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, USA"]},{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad F.","family":"Alshannaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohan","family":"Bok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, USA"]},{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6530-8407","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jae-Hyuk","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, USA"]},{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"ERS-USDA. 2021. Cost estimates of foodborne illnesses. Economic research service-U.S. department of agriculture. Available from: https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/data-products\/cost-estimates-of-foodborne-illnesses.aspx"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.p211202"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"ECDC\/EMEA. 2022. Assessing the health burden of infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU\/EEA 2016-2020. European Center for Disease Prevention and Control. Available from: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/health-burden-infections-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-2016-2020. Retrieved 02 May 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00539"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0322-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-013-1325-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aambs.2017.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-011-9444-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md13084594"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2015.1023249"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","volume-title":"An overview of the genus Aspergillus","author":"Bennett JW","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bennett JW. 2007. An overview of the genus Aspergillus. 1st ed.","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2023.103604"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/533452"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/adt.2014.577"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c4mb00111g"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/1948-5956.1000265"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s120912347"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2012.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11070795"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01431-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-006-0073-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12642"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2006.08.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/146837a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.906490"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00181-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8010008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2018.1515908"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.13263"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2022.887642"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.3.1581-1588.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.39.1.9.17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2015.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","volume-title":"M07-A9Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically; approved standard","author":"CLSI","year":"2018","unstructured":"CLSI. 2018. M07-A9. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically; approved standard. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","volume-title":"M38-AReference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi; approved standard","author":"CLSI","year":"2017","unstructured":"CLSI. 2017. M38-A. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi; approved standard. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215703"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2012.05.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0142-9612(02)00036-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00372-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00166-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1094"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.27"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.01854-24","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.01854-24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T09:03:33Z","timestamp":1733389413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.01854-24"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Gustavo H.","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.01854-24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.01854-24","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01854-24"}}