{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T17:06:51Z","timestamp":1781975211025,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008257","name":"Tarbiat Modares University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Msc student thesis"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Msc student thesis"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008257","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010679","name":"Pasteur Institute of Iran","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1888"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010679","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of\n              <jats:italic>Tropheryma whipplei, Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella, Brucella,<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:italic>Francisella tularensis<\/jats:italic>\n              in valve samples from endocarditis patients using the real-time PCR method at a major referral heart hospital in Iran. In this study, 146 paraffin-embedded tissue samples from the heart valves of patients with clinical and pathological evidence of infective endocarditis (IE), who underwent heart valve replacement surgery between 2016 and 2020 at Tehran Heart Center were collected. After DNA extraction from paraffin-embedded valve tissue samples, they were surveyed for the presence of\n              <jats:italic>T. whipplei, C. psittaci, C. pneumoniae, Legionella, Brucella,<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:italic>F. tularensis<\/jats:italic>\n              using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis was used for accurate species identification. Based on the molecular results,\n              <jats:italic>T. whipplei<\/jats:italic>\n              ,\n              <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n              spp., and\n              <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n              spp. were detected in 10 (6.84%), 6 (4.1%), and 3 (2.05%) valve samples, respectively. In addition, one of six positive samples for\n              <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n              spp. was identified as\n              <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>\n              . No positive samples for\n              <jats:italic>F. tularensis<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n              were found. In addition, all control valve samples were negative for all investigated pathogens. The findings suggest that specific bacterial species such as\n              <jats:italic>T. whipplei<\/jats:italic>\n              ,\n              <jats:italic>Chlamydia spp.,<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:italic>Legionella spp<\/jats:italic>\n              . are associated with the development of IE. Considering the life-threatening nature of IE, it is critical for healthcare systems to prioritize the identification of its causative agents and develop targeted treatment strategies.\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>\n                Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition, and it is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and complications, making it a major concern in both global and national healthcare systems. Late diagnosis and failure to receive appropriate treatment for patients with culture-negative endocarditis caused by hard-to-grow bacteria can lead to the death of patients. Unfortunately, in Iran, less attention is paid to the role of organisms that are difficult to cultivate in laboratory settings such as\n                <jats:italic>Tropheryma whipplei, Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella, Brucella,<\/jats:italic>\n                and\n                <jats:italic>Francisella tularensis<\/jats:italic>\n                in causing culture-negative endocarditis, and these pathogens are overlooked by infectious, cardiologists, and health officials. This study underscores the need for special attention in the diagnosis of the agents of IE.\n              <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01856-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T14:06:07Z","timestamp":1738332367000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Molecular diagnosis of infective endocarditis from culture-negative valve samples in a tertiary hospital in Iran"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9262-0332","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University","place":["Tehran, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashraf","family":"Mohabbati Mobarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University","place":["Tehran, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Broumand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tehran Heart Center Tehran, University of Medical Sciences","place":["Tehran, Iran"]},{"name":"Tehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences","place":["Tehran, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Baseri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University","place":["Tehran, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Latifian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu","place":["Kabudar Ahang, Iran"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran","place":["Tehran, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1920-1737","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saber","family":"Esmaeili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu","place":["Kabudar Ahang, Iran"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran","place":["Tehran, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-018-0614-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.774224"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17539447211002687"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2019.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.07.060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"6844","volume-title":"Endocarditis: diagnosis and management","author":"Keynan Y","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keynan Y, Smith S, Marrie TJ. 2021. 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