{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:18:32Z","timestamp":1785421112977,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI100272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI100272"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n is the most common cause of human\n fungal meningitis and an important model system for studying fundamental\n eukaryotic biology. Genetic manipulation of this organism relies on three\n dominant drug resistance markers (nourseothricin acetyltransferase\n [\n NAT<\/jats:italic>\n ], neomycin phosphotransferase II\n [\n NEO<\/jats:italic>\n ], and hygromycin B phosphotransferase\n [\n HYG<\/jats:italic>\n ]) and the recyclable dominant prototrophic marker\n amdS<\/jats:italic>\n . With ongoing technological advances that are\n expanding our ability to explore cryptococcal gene function, contemporary\n studies often require multiple genetic manipulations in the same strain.\n Additional dominant selection methods would maximize the utility of these\n tools by facilitating their combinatorial use. Here, we identify blasticidin\n S resistance via the blasticidin S deaminase (\n BSD<\/jats:italic>\n ) or\n blasticidin S resistance (\n BSR<\/jats:italic>\n ) markers as a novel dominant\n selection method for\n C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n . We further validate\n phleomycin resistance via the bleomycin resistance gene\n (\n BLE<\/jats:italic>\n ) marker as an additional selection method,\n confirming a study that first established this marker 25 years ago (J. Hua,\n J. D. Meyer, and J. K. Lodge, Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 7:125\u2013128, 2000,\n https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cdli.7.1.125-128.2000<\/jats:ext-link>\n ). To enable\n highly efficient CRISPR\/Cas9-mediated genome modification, we incorporated\n these markers, as well as the newly established dominant prototrophic marker\n ptxD<\/jats:italic>\n (M. Khongthongdam, T. Phetruen, and S. Chanarat,\n Microbiol Spectr 13:e01618-24, 2025,\n https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.01618-24<\/jats:ext-link>\n ), into a vector series\n that enables the construction of fused marker-sgRNA products via PCR.\n Altogether, this work expands the number of dominant genetic selection\n methods for\n C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n to seven, including five drug\n selection regimes and two prototrophic methods. The vector series has been\n deposited at Addgene.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n \n Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n is the top-ranked World Health\n Organization priority fungal pathogen due to its widespread distribution\n and inadequate treatment options. Additionally, as a basidiomycete yeast\n occupying an underexplored branch of the fungal kingdom, this organism\n is a powerful system for deciphering core eukaryotic biology that is\n absent in classic model fungi. Defining functions for novel cryptococcal\n genes is a crucial priority, and the availability of additional genetic\n selection methods would facilitate these efforts. In this study, we\n establish blasticidin S resistance as a novel genetic selection method\n for\n C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n , and we validate a previous report\n using phleomycin resistance as such. This work expands the number of\n reliable dominant selection methods to seven, providing flexibility for\n the introduction of sequential genetic modifications into single\n strains.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01935-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T13:30:19Z","timestamp":1758807019000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["CRISPR\/Cas9-compatible plasmids enabling seven dominant genetic selection methods for the human fungal pathogen\n Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5725-7219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Boucher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043mz5j54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California","place":["San Francisco, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7400-6657","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hiten D.","family":"Madhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043mz5j54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California","place":["San Francisco, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2015.6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbr.2010.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.01.046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.11.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00499-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00692-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00861-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.175.5.1405-1411.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.10.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7757"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12766"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15329-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18028-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31145"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164322"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.117.300656"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyab180"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003184"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.01070-24"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkaf118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.01018-24"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkaf071"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02681219680000691"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.7.1.125-128.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.39.1.151.154"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2019.103241"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01618-24"}],"container-title":["Microbiology 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