{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:55:25Z","timestamp":1790776525304,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minnesota's Discovery, Research, and Innovation Economy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in Shiga toxin-producing\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (STEC) is an important public health concern because these strains can combine antimicrobial resistance with intestinal pathogenic potential. However, although\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr<\/jats:italic>\n                      -harboring STEC has been reported from food-related sources, the phenotypic consequences of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      acquisition in STEC remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr<\/jats:italic>\n                      variants and associated antimicrobial resistance determinants among 144\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr<\/jats:italic>\n                      -harboring STEC isolates and examined the phenotypic impact of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      O157:H7 ATCC 43894. Among the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr<\/jats:italic>\n                      -harboring STEC isolates,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      was the predominant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr<\/jats:italic>\n                      variant (63.9%), and 88.9% of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive isolates were multidrug-resistant. Notably, genomically predicted fosfomycin resistance determinants were detected in 84.8% of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive isolates. Acquisition of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      -harboring plasmid in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      O157:H7 ATCC 43894 increased adhesion to HEp-2 epithelial cells but reduced swimming motility, biofilm formation, and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      mortality. The reduced\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">G. mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      mortality may reflect altered innate immune stimulation. These changes were accompanied by remodeling of the lipopolysaccharide profile, with reduced banding in both the O-antigen and core-lipid A regions, reduced endotoxin levels, increased cell surface hydrophobicity, a less negative zeta potential, and reduced autoagglutination, all of which were\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      -dependent in knockout and complementation experiments. Collectively, these findings indicate that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      contributes beyond colistin resistance, converging on a coordinated reshaping of cell surface architecture and host interaction together with co-selection of resistance to other clinically relevant antibiotics, including fosfomycin.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Shiga toxin-producing\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                        is a major foodborne pathogen, but treatment options are limited because some antibiotics increase the risk of severe disease. Mobile colistin resistance genes in this pathogen are therefore concerning, especially alongside resistance to other clinically relevant antibiotics. This study shows that\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n                        is the predominant colistin resistance gene among\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr<\/jats:italic>\n                        -harboring Shiga toxin-producing\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                        and that these isolates frequently carry multidrug resistance determinants, including fosfomycin resistance. We further show that\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n                        acquisition reshapes the bacterial cell surface and alters host-associated phenotypes in\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                        O157. Despite reduced mortality in\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        , increased epithelial cell adhesion suggests that the reduced mortality may reflect altered innate immune stimulation rather than an overall attenuation of host-colonization potential. These findings suggest that\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n                        is not only a colistin resistance determinant but also a factor associated with broader changes in resistance, surface architecture, and host interaction in foodborne\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                        .\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02034-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:00:52Z","timestamp":1790773252000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multidrug resistance and lipopolysaccharide remodeling associated with\n                    <i>mcr-1<\/i>\n                    acquisition in Shiga toxin-producing\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9926-5996","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eunbyeol","family":"Ahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017zqws13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota","place":["St. Paul, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04h9pn542","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7876-0390","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jinshil","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04h9pn542","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/046865y68","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5812-3394","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sangryeol","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04h9pn542","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6665-5558","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Byeonghwa","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017zqws13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota","place":["St. Paul, 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