{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:40:12Z","timestamp":1792467612050,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus suis<\/jats:italic>\n                      is an important swine pathogen and an emerging zoonotic threat, with serotype 9 (SS9) increasingly recognized as an important pathogenic serotype. Biofilm formation contributes to the persistence, antimicrobial tolerance, and pathogenicity of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. suis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , yet effective strategies for controlling biofilm-associated infections caused by SS9 remain limited. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) against SS9 and investigated whether their effects were associated with oxidative stress, biofilm formation, and alterations in virulence-associated genes. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum biofilm eradication concentration of ZnO-NPs against SS9 were both 49 \u03bcg\/mL. ZnO-NPs exhibited potent antibacterial and antibiofilm activities, significantly inhibiting biofilm formation and reducing biofilm viability in a dose-dependent manner. Crystal violet staining demonstrated a marked reduction in biofilm biomass, while SEM analysis revealed substantial disruption of bacterial morphology and biofilm architecture following ZnO-NPs treatment. In addition, ZnO-NPs markedly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, indicating the induction of oxidative stress in SS9. ZnO-NPs treatment also reduced the major extracellular matrix components of the biofilm, including extracellular proteins and extracellular DNA. Furthermore, RT-qPCR analysis showed that ZnO-NPs downregulated the expression of biofilm- and virulence-associated genes, including\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ef<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fbps<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gdh<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">luxS<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Collectively, these findings indicate that ZnO-NPs exert antibacterial and antibiofilm effects against SS9, accompanied by oxidative stress induction, disruption of biofilm architecture and extracellular matrix, and modulation of biofilm- and virulence-associated genes. ZnO-NPs may, therefore, represent a promising candidate for controlling SS9-associated infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus suis<\/jats:italic>\n                        serotype 9 (SS9) is an important pathogen associated with disease in pigs and represents a potential zoonotic threat. The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance highlights the need for alternative approaches to control SS9 infections. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) showed antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against SS9, including disruption of established biofilms. These findings provide evidence for further exploring ZnO-NPs as a non-antibiotic strategy for controlling SS9 infections and support future studies evaluating their safety and efficacy in animals.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02038-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:17:17Z","timestamp":1792466237000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of ZnO-NPs against\n                    <i>Streptococcus suis<\/i>\n                    serotype 9\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"given":"Baoling","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rkwtz72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong 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