{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T13:14:28Z","timestamp":1753881268782,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n              is a pathogen characterized by a large variety of strains whose virulence and clinical severity are likely linked to their genotype. Currently, the strains are genotyped using restriction fragment length polymorphism, multilocus sequence typing, and microsatellite markers. This typing requires the strain\u2019s DNA, which is difficult to obtain. A serotyping test could overcome the constraints of genotyping, the challenge being to identify type-specific proteins. We identified immunogenic\n              <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n              proteins from co-immunoprecipitations for three tachyzoite strains (strain FOU from Africa 1 type, ME49 from Type II, and VEG from Type III) with hyperimmune murine sera and conducted an\n              <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n              polymorphism search for the identified proteins. A variant calling analysis was conducted on the next-generation sequencing sequences of 117\n              <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n              isolates with the objective of identifying mutations present in the genes encoding the antigenic proteins previously identified. A total of 727 immunogenic proteins were identified, including 16% dense granule protein (GRA), rhoptry protein (ROP\/RON), and surface antigen protein (SAG). Genetic analysis revealed the presence of 36 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in over 70% of isolates belonging to the same type, while less than 30% of isolates belonging to the other types exhibited these polymorphisms. Of these, only 15 are located on coding DNA sequence regions, while four are located on genes encoding apicomplexan proteins: two SNPs on the ROP5 gene and two on the ROP7 gene. The results of this study indicate that a significant number of\n              <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n              immunogenic proteins can be identified using an\n              <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n              approach. The\n              <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n              study identified SNPs that could be genotype-specific.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n              is a unique species that exhibits genotype diversity related to clinical virulence. Currently, genotyping is restricted, which limits epidemiological knowledge of the strains. To overcome this limitation, we aimed to develop serotyping tests. First, we used a murine\n              <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n              , non-targeted experimental approach based on proteomics techniques through which we were able to identify a panel of more than 700 antigenic proteins from\n              <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n              . Then, we analyzed the polymorphism of these proteins using a whole-genome sequencing database containing the genomes of 117 genotyped strains. We showed that none of the 986 non-silent SNPs detected is specific to the strain type. The\n              <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n              approach is the first that allowed the identification of such a large panel of antigenic proteins. Moreover, the polymorphism analysis, the first based on a large next-generation sequencing database, showed the limits that currently restrict the development of a serotyping technique.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02040-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T14:14:28Z","timestamp":1742998468000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification of\n            <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n            antigenic proteins using an\n            <i>in vivo<\/i>\n            approach and\n            <i>in silico<\/i>\n            investigation of their polymorphism"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6294-9338","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J.","family":"Denis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, UR7292 Dynamique des interactions h\u00f4te pathog\u00e8ne, F\u00e9d\u00e9ration de M\u00e9decine Translationnelle, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg","place":["Strasbourg, France"]},{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie M\u00e9dicale, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg","place":["Strasbourg, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Gommenginger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie M\u00e9dicale, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg","place":["Strasbourg, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Beal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie M\u00e9dicale, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg","place":["Strasbourg, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Cimon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Toxoplasmose-P\u00f4le s\u00e9rologie, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg","place":["Strasbourg, France"]},{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU d'Angers","place":["Angers, France"]},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Angers, IRF, SFR 4208 ICAT","place":["Angers, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. S.","family":"Deleplancque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Toxoplasmose-P\u00f4le s\u00e9rologie, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg","place":["Strasbourg, France"]},{"name":"CHU Lille, D\u00e9partement de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Universit\u00e9 de Lille, Inserm, U995-LIRIC\u2013Lille Inflammation Research International Center","place":["Lille, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Fricker Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Toxoplasmose-P\u00f4le s\u00e9rologie, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg","place":["Strasbourg, France"]},{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie M\u00e9dicale, CHU de Grenoble-Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, CHU de Grenoble-Alpes","place":["Grenoble, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"L'Ollivier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Toxoplasmose-P\u00f4le s\u00e9rologie, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg","place":["Strasbourg, France"]},{"name":"IHU-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Marseille (AP-HM)","place":["Marseille, France"]},{"name":"IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Aix Marseille","place":["Marseille, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Paris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Toxoplasmose-P\u00f4le s\u00e9rologie, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg","place":["Strasbourg, France"]},{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie, H\u00f4pital Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, AP-HP Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Pelloux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Toxoplasmose-P\u00f4le s\u00e9rologie, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg","place":["Strasbourg, France"]},{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie M\u00e9dicale, CHU de Grenoble-Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, CHU de Grenoble-Alpes","place":["Grenoble, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Pomares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Toxoplasmose-P\u00f4le s\u00e9rologie, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg","place":["Strasbourg, France"]},{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie M\u00e9dicale, CHU Nice, INSERM 1065, C3M, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur","place":["Nice, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Houze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Toxoplasmose-P\u00f4le s\u00e9rologie, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg","place":["Strasbourg, France"]},{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie M\u00e9dicale, AP-HP, H\u00f4pital Bichat\u2013Claude Bernard","place":["Paris, France"]},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, IRD 261, MERIT","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. W.","family":"Pfaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, UR7292 Dynamique des interactions h\u00f4te pathog\u00e8ne, F\u00e9d\u00e9ration de M\u00e9decine Translationnelle, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg","place":["Strasbourg, France"]},{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie M\u00e9dicale, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg","place":["Strasbourg, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Villena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Toxoplasmose-P\u00f4le s\u00e9rologie, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg","place":["Strasbourg, France"]},{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie M\u00e9dicale, Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence de la Toxoplasmose, CHU de Reims","place":["Reims, France"]},{"name":"EA 7510, SFR CAP-SANTE, Universit\u00e9 Reims Champagne Ardenne","place":["Reims, 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