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The transmission of antimicrobial resistance among\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      and food bacteria raises global public health concern. As a major food exporter and travel hub in Southeast Asia, Thailand is particularly susceptible. To better understand the circulating\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      , we characterized 74 non-typhoidal\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates previously obtained from Thailand food markets. Whole genome sequencing, drug susceptibility testing, and host invasion efficiency assays were performed. The most prevalent serotype was\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      serotype Rissen (32.43%) followed by Derby (12.16%). Fifty-two isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), with their primary resistance pattern being ampicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline resistance. The most resistant strain was\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Rissen exhibiting resistance to 13 tested drugs, including third-generation cephalosporin. Six cephalosporin-resistant isolates were identified, four of which were extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains harboring the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>CTX-M-14<\/jats:sub>\n                      or\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>CTX-M-55<\/jats:sub>\n                      ESBL gene. Complete genomes showed that three ESBL-producing isolates contained plasmid-mediated ESBL, and the other was chromosomal-mediated.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      invasion efficiencies of ESBL-producing strains into mucous-producing human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT29-MTX-E12 cells were compared to the reference strain\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium LT2. Statistically significant higher invasion efficiency in the chromosomal-mediated ESBL strain was found. Interestingly, the ESBL plasmid detected during this study was highly similar to a plasmid previously isolated from a Thai patient. This study highlights that the majority of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolated from Thai foods are MDR and potentially ESBL-producing strains, highlighting the need for continued surveillance and intervention strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        In Thailand, fermented foods are typically consumed raw, and pork is considered a delicacy of Thai cuisine. The presence of multidrug resistant (MDR) foodborne pathogens in these food types raises concern and presents a risk to public health. Here, we report that\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        Rissen was the most prevalent serotype isolated from these food samples in Thailand. All isolates carried virulence gene clusters crucial for pathogenesis, and more than 70% of isolates were MDR strains. Four of the MDR strains were ESBL-producing. Whole genome sequence analysis and phenotypic characterizations revealed that chromosome-mediated ESBL strains possessed higher\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                        invasion efficiency than plasmid-mediated ESBL strains. This study highlights two key public health threats: the risk of acquiring difficult-to-treat MDR\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        infections from undercooked food and the circulation of AMR plasmids in fresh markets in Thailand.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02129-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T13:20:08Z","timestamp":1761916808000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["High prevalence of multidrug-resistant\n                    <i>Salmonella enterica<\/i>\n                    in Thailand food markets: insights from complete genome and phenotypic characterization of ESBL-producing strains"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2945-4017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phutthaphorn","family":"Phaophu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znkr924","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Advanced Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University","place":["Nakhon Pathom, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5545-454X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nalumon","family":"Thadtapong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Public Health","place":["Nonthaburi, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha E.","family":"Wirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/050kf9c55","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center","place":["Albany, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna S.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/050kf9c55","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center","place":["Albany, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunisa","family":"Dangsuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znkr924","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Advanced Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University","place":["Nakhon Pathom, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9569-396X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natharin","family":"Ngamwongsatit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znkr924","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University","place":["Nakhon Pathom, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6021-0363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ratchaneewan","family":"Aunpad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/002yp7f20","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University","place":["Pathum Thani, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2363-5204","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Soraya","family":"Chaturongakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znkr924","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Advanced Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University","place":["Nakhon Pathom, Thailand"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znkr924","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics (CENMIG), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00391"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/650733"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30418-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2017.2403"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2012.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","unstructured":"WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List. 2024. 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