{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T20:36:29Z","timestamp":1790282189569,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697500800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 81970928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 81970928"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is one of the major cariogenic bacteria of dental caries owing to its ability to adhere to tooth surfaces and biofilm formation. Berberine chloride hydrate (BH), a quaternary ammonium salt alkaloid, has diverse pharmacological efforts against microorganisms. However, the effect of BH on\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm has not been reported. Considering that berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt alkaloid, which needs to adapt to a large variation in pH values and the acid resistance of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , we employed three groups including pH 5 (acidic), pH 8 (alkaline), and unprocessed group (neutral) to examine the antibiofilm activities of BH against\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    during different pH values. In this study, we found BH effectively suppresses\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm formation as well as its cariogenic virulence including acid production and EPS synthesis significantly, and the inhibitory effort was reduced under acidic condition whereas elevated under alkaline condition. In addition, we preliminarily explored the influence of pH values on the structural stability and biosafety of BHas well as the underlying mechanism of inhibition of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm formation with BH. Our study showed BH could maintain a good structural stability and low toxicity to erythrocytes at different pH values. And BH could downregulate the expression of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">srtA, spaP,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gbpC,<\/jats:italic>\n                    which play critical roles in the adhesion process, promoting bacterial colonization and biofilm formation. Furthermore,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">comX<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ldh<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression levels were downregulated in BH-treated group, which might explain its inhibitory effect on acid production.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dental caries is a common chronic detrimental disease, which could cause a series of oral problem including oral pain, difficulties in eating, and so on. Recently, many natural products have been considered as fundamental sources of therapeutic drugs to prevent caries. Berberine as a plant extract showed good antibiofilm abilities against microorganism. Our study focuses on its antibiofilm abilities against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans,<\/jats:italic>\n                      which was defined as major cariogenic bacterium and explored the role of pH values and possible underlying mechanisms in the inhibitory effect of BH on\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilm formation. This study demonstrated a promising prospect for BH as an adjuvant drug in the prevention and management of dental caries.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02170-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T09:05:00Z","timestamp":1695632700000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The inhibitory effect of berberine chloride hydrate on\n                    <i>Streptococcus mutans<\/i>\n                    biofilm formation at different pH values"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University","place":["Guangzhou, 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