{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T22:31:45Z","timestamp":1788820305845,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82171707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82171707"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is characterized by symptoms such as productive cough, rhinitis, and recurrent infections in both the upper and lower airways, which can lead to chronic infection, bronchiectasis, and decreased pulmonary function. Our study aimed to analyze the diversity and composition of the microbiota in the respiratory tract and investigate the correlation of the microbiota with pulmonary exacerbation in PCD patients. This study employed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to explore the microbiota present in both bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and sputum samples collected from PCD patients. Eighty-five airway samples (17 BALF and 68 sputum samples) were collected from 72 patients aged 2 months to 60 years. Significantly lower sputum microbiota diversity and richness were found in the pulmonary exacerbation group than in the pulmonary stabilization group; additionally, the relative abundance of\n            <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n            increased when pulmonary exacerbation occurred. There was a positive correlation between pulmonary exacerbation and the relative abundance of\n            <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n            , while\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>Moraxella<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>Haemophilus<\/jats:italic>\n            showed a negative correlation. Although there was no significant difference in the sputum microbiota diversity and composition in children aged 6\u201318 years with pulmonary exacerbation,\n            <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n            increased during pulmonary exacerbation. BALF samples of pediatric patients with pulmonary exacerbation had a lower microbiota diversity and richness; furthermore,\n            <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n            had a higher abundance and a moderate distinguishing effect. We found that microbiota beta diversity and dominance were decreased during pulmonary exacerbation. Additionally,\n            <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n            had a higher abundance and moderate distinguishing effect in pediatric patients with pulmonary exacerbation.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              PCD is a rare disease characterized by productive cough, rhinitis, and recurrent infections of the upper and lower airways. Because the diagnosis of PCD is often delayed, patients receive more antibiotics, experience a heavier financial burden, and have a worse prognosis; thus, it is very important to identify the pathogeny and use the correct antibiotic. In this large single-center study of PCD microbiota, we identified an outline of the bacterial microbes from the respiratory tract; furthermore, we found that the microbiota diversity in pediatric sputum was richer than that in pediatric BALF through sequencing, indicating a heterogeneous community structure. The microbiota diversity and richness were lower during pulmonary exacerbation than during pulmonary stabilization. A significantly higher abundance of\n              <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n              had a moderate distinguishing effect for lung exacerbation, which attracted more attention for the study of\n              <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n              therapy in pediatric patients with PCD.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02213-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T13:00:39Z","timestamp":1696510839000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Airway microbiota correlated with pulmonary exacerbation in primary ciliary dyskinesia patients"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Weitao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoyao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8381-5181","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jinglong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aizhen","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7380-8209","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liling","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai, 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