{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T03:32:22Z","timestamp":1772163142679,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Leptospirosis, caused by the spirochete bacteria\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is an emerging zoonosis that causes life-threatening disease in humans and animals. However, a comprehensive understanding of leptospiral RNA profiles is limited. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the transcriptome of multiple\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains using Oxford Nanopore Technologies\u2019 direct cDNA and direct RNA sequencing methods. We identified new operons, RNA molecules, and evidence of potential posttranscriptional polyadenylation in\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    transcriptomes. Some RNA molecules that had not been previously annotated could be potential sRNA or noncoding RNA molecules that play a role in gene expression regulation in\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Interestingly, the majority of the new RNA molecules identified in this study were not detected in the nonpathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    , suggesting potential virulence-related functions for these molecules. Overall, our study highlights the utility of Oxford Nanopore Technologies\u2019s sequencing in studying prokaryotic transcriptome profiles and offers a tool to improve our understanding of prokaryotic RNA landscapes and polyadenylation. Nonetheless, the findings from our study also warrant that the presence of homopolymers of adenine bases in the transcripts may interfere with the interpretation of bacterial transcriptome profiles. Carefully designed experiments are needed to explore the role of the features described in this study in\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    virulence and pathogenesis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Leptospirosis, caused by the spirochete bacteria\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      , is a zoonotic disease of humans and animals, accounting for over 1 million annual human cases and over 60,000 deaths. We have characterized operon transcriptional units, identified novel RNA coding regions, and reported evidence of potential posttranscriptional polyadenylation in the\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      transcriptomes for the first time using Oxford Nanopore Technology RNA sequencing protocols. The newly identified RNA coding regions and operon transcriptional units were detected only in the pathogenic\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      transcriptomes, suggesting their significance in virulence-related functions. This article integrates bioinformatics, infectious diseases, microbiology, molecular biology, veterinary sciences, and public health. Given the current knowledge gap in the regulation of leptospiral pathogenicity, our findings offer valuable insights to researchers studying leptospiral pathogenicity and provide both a basis and a tool for researchers focusing on prokaryotic molecular studies for the understanding of RNA compositions and prokaryotic polyadenylation for their organisms of interest.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02234-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T09:00:52Z","timestamp":1697792452000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Leptospira<\/i>\n                    transcriptome sequencing using long-read technology reveals unannotated transcripts and potential polyadenylation of RNA molecules"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3364-1587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruijie","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dhani","family":"Prakoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8472-1179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana C. 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