{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T23:58:00Z","timestamp":1783641480027,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              Music intervention is gaining recognition as a cost-effective therapeutic for improving human health. Despite its growing application, the mechanisms through which music exerts beneficial health effects remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that music can exert beneficial effects in mice through modulating gut microbiome composition. Adult mice were exposed to ambient noise, Mozart\u2019s Flute Quartet in D Major, K. 285, or white noise over a three-week period. Afterward, we observed treatment-specific changes in the community of gut commensal bacteria in these animals. Upon subsequent challenge with the bacterial pathogen\n              <jats:italic>Salmonella typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n              , control groups exhibited significant weight loss and increased\n              <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n              colonization, whereas the Mozart-treated group did not. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing revealed that the Mozart group showed a significant increase in\n              <jats:italic>Lactobacillus salivarius<\/jats:italic>\n              , a probiotic known for its antibacterial properties. Further experiments confirmed that\n              <jats:italic>L. salivarius<\/jats:italic>\n              mitigated\n              <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n              infection in mice and that\n              <jats:italic>L. salivarius<\/jats:italic>\n              acidified local environments in\n              <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              culture, thus inhibiting\n              <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n              growth. Additionally, mice exposed to Mozart consumed more food but showed similar body weight compared to the control groups. Behavioral assessments, including open field and object location tests, revealed that Mozart-treated mice were more active, less anxious, and exhibited enhanced spatial memory. Finally, Mozart exposure was shown to significantly boost colonization of administered\n              <jats:italic>L. salivarius<\/jats:italic>\n              and alter gut metabolite profiles. These findings suggest that music exposure fosters healthier gut microbiota, enhancing resistance to bacterial infections and highlighting the potential of music therapy as a novel strategy to combat drug-resistant pathogen infections.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Music therapy is increasingly recognized as a low-cost approach to improving health, but how it works remains unclear. Our study demonstrates that music can positively influence health by altering the gut microbiome. In a mouse model, exposure to Mozart\u2019s Flute Quartet in D Major enhanced the gut microbiota, specifically increasing levels of the beneficial bacterium\n              <jats:italic>Lactobacillus salivarius<\/jats:italic>\n              . This probiotic protected mice from\n              <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n              infection by creating an acidic environment that inhibited pathogen growth. Mozart-treated mice also showed reduced anxiety, better spatial memory, and higher food intake without weight gain, suggesting the benefits of music exposure. These findings reveal a novel link between music, gut health, and disease resistance, suggesting that music therapy could be a promising strategy for enhancing gut microbiota and combating infections, including those caused by drug-resistant bacteria.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02377-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T15:50:49Z","timestamp":1742917849000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Music exposure enhances resistance to\n            <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n            infection by promoting healthy gut microbiota"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Clara Y.","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia, USA"]},{"name":"Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology","place":["Cambridge, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyuntae","family":"Byun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elyza A.","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside","place":["Riverside, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside","place":["Riverside, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan","family":"Tanchoco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside","place":["Riverside, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joris","family":"Beld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University","place":["Philadelphia, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0258-6960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ansel","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside","place":["Riverside, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9182-5224","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3182"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11234"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abp9960"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00007-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2121180119"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18848"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30356-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.02.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.p11101"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","unstructured":"CDC. 2018. 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