{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:14:05Z","timestamp":1788225245338,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697500800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PID2021127477OBI00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021127477OBI00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PID2021127477OBI00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021127477OBI00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PTA-2019-016623-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTA-2019-016623-I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008433","name":"Consejer\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n, Juventud y Deporte, Comunidad de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021-\/TL\/BMD-21100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-\/TL\/BMD-21100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008433","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    To determine whether the neurotoxin BoNT\/B2 causing botulism in Spain is clonal, the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    from food-borne episodes and infant cases of the condition were explored. The botulinum toxin gene (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bont<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) subtype, the variable region of the flagellin gene (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fla<\/jats:italic>\n                    VR), and a seven-gene multi-locus sequence type were examined by sequencing 37 BoNT-positive cultures obtained over the period 2010 to 2022. Out of 37 botulism events, 16 food-borne episodes and 16 infant cases were associated with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bont\/b<\/jats:italic>\n                    2. Eight\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bont\/b<\/jats:italic>\n                    2 alleles were detected [nucleotide distance range 0.0259\u20130.415%, Hunter and Gaston discrimination index (HGDI) 0.71]. The most common\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bont\/b<\/jats:italic>\n                    2 allele corresponded to that of strain Prevot 25 NCASE and its single and double locus variations (87.5%). Four known\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fla<\/jats:italic>\n                    VR types were identified (HGDI 0.79), along with one previously unknown (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fla<\/jats:italic>\n                    VR-15). Sixteen sequence types (STs) (HGDI 0.89) were recorded including seven new STs (ST164\u2013ST170; 10 new alleles) and five new STs (ST171\u2013ST175; with new allele combinations) were also noted. Correlations among some STs and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fla<\/jats:italic>\n                    VR types were seen. Overall, the present results show that the combined analysis of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bont\/b<\/jats:italic>\n                    2-\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fla<\/jats:italic>\n                    VR-ST at the nucleotide level could be used to track botulism events in Spain. The neurotoxin BoNT\/B2 has largely been responsible for human botulism in Spain. The polymorphism analysis of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bont\/b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fla<\/jats:italic>\n                    VR typing, and sequence type determinations, revealed a wide variety of clones to be responsible for human botulism, ruling out a common source of acquisition.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Botulism, a potentially fatal disease, is classically characterized by a symmetrical descending flaccid paralysis, which if left untreated can lead to respiratory failure and death. Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), produced by certain species of Clostridium, is the most potent biological toxin known, and the direct cause of botulism. This study characterizes the acquisition in Spain of two forms of botulism, i.e., food-borne and infant botulism, which are largely caused by the main neurotoxin BoNT\/B2. Polymorphism analysis of the bont\/b2 gene, typing of the flagellin variable region sequence (flaVR), and multilocus sequence typing, were used to explore the genetic background of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                      group I. To our knowledge, this is the first phylogenetic and typing study of botulism undertaken in Spain.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02380-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T09:01:26Z","timestamp":1695718886000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exploring the genetic background of the botulism neurotoxin BoNT\/B2 in Spain"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3931-2162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvia","family":"Valdezate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reference and Research Laboratory for Taxonomy, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gema","family":"Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reference and Research Laboratory for Taxonomy, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda J.","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reference and Research Laboratory for Taxonomy, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noelia","family":"Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reference and Research Laboratory for Taxonomy, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"del Pino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reference and Research Laboratory for Taxonomy, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Valiente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reference and Research Laboratory for Taxonomy, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda P.","family":"Pallar\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Unit, Animal Department, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3026-2178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Villalon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reference and Research Laboratory for Taxonomy, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"European centre for disease prevention and control . n.d. 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