{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T23:05:09Z","timestamp":1790118309546,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U1903201, 21702100, 21907051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1903201, 21702100, 21907051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018621","name":"Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IRT_14R27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRT_14R27"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20191254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20191254"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Invasive fungal infections (IFIs), predominantly caused by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      , are a significant threat to immunocompromised individuals. The emergence of drug-resistant strains has intensified the need for novel antifungal agents. Natural naphthoquinones, including 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (DHNQ, also as PNP-02), have broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, but their antifungal potential against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      remains underexplored. This study evaluates the antifungal activity of DHNQ derivatives and elucidates their mechanisms of action. The antifungal properties of these compounds were evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, broth microdilution assays, and phenotypic screening. DHNQ was identified as the most effective compound, and further investigation focused on its effects on\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      growth, biofilm formation, hyphal development, and underlying mechanisms, including oxidative stress induction and mitochondrial dysfunction. In a murine candidiasis model, DHNQ significantly reduced the fungal burden in both the kidneys and the skin, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 2 to 8 \u03bcg\/mL, exceeding the activity of fluconazole against clinical isolates of fluconazole-resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains by over 32 times. Mechanistic investigations revealed that DHNQ exerts its antifungal effects through a multi-pronged approach: inhibiting glycolysis, disrupting biofilm and hyphal formation, and inducing oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. Notably, DHNQ exhibited low cytotoxicity\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and no observable toxicity\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      . These properties make it a promising lead molecule for future optimization and development of treatments for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections, pending crucial evaluations of its selectivity and safety in host environments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        In summary, this study demonstrated that DHNQ exhibits potent and broad-spectrum antifungal activity, showing significant efficacy against\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                        both\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                        and\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                        . Unlike conventional antifungals, DHNQ disrupted the virulence of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                        by inhibiting glycolysis, suppressing biofilm formation, and inducing oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. These findings not only highlight the promising potential of DHNQ as a treatment for\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                        infections but also provide critical insights that may facilitate the development of new antifungal agents.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02438-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T23:59:02Z","timestamp":1772236742000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antifungal potential of naphthoquinone derivatives: screening of shikonin-based compounds and mechanistic insights into 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone against\n                    <i>Candida albicans in vitro<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rxvg760","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03m96p165","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minkai","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rxvg760","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03m96p165","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rxvg760","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03m96p165","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiabao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rxvg760","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliya","family":"Fazal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rxvg760","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03m96p165","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rxvg760","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoran","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rxvg760","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxuan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rxvg760","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rxvg760","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zichen","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rxvg760","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongming","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03m96p165","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shucun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rxvg760","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guihua","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rxvg760","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03m96p165","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinliang","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rxvg760","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03m96p165","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rxvg760","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03m96p165","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University","place":["Nanjing, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04ymgwq66","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University","place":["Changzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongling","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rxvg760","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03m96p165","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8647-1158","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yonghua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rxvg760","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03m96p165","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3705-6167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongwei","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rxvg760","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03m96p165","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy358"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.2.255-267.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1567-1364.2006.00117.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2008.00083.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006290"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008921"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2208687"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01305-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01084-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867325666180831144344"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030006059902700305"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-3773(19990201)38:3<270::AID-ANIE270>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01085"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042426"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b12-00338"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01459-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2015.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","unstructured":"CaLSIC. 2008. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts; Approved Standard\u2014Third Edition. 950 West Valley Road Suite 2500 Wayne Pennsylvania 19087 USA 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8100985"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2020.126951"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37573-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01662-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2294854"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.119284"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.2c00473"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0169-409x(00)00129-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007076"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00670-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10059-012-2260-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00313-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126940"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2017.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1405.05012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.8b00012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038584"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.25.23.10611-10627.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a019695"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01274"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2021.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.01940"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.6b01203"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2002.1100902.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2007.01424.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2008.01292.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11111537"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201820170815"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.107"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0891-5849(01)00703-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ads7369"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmicr.2022.100137"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.02438-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.02438-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T13:10:15Z","timestamp":1775567415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.02438-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Renato","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.02438-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.02438-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e02438-25"}}