{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T03:46:36Z","timestamp":1787802396810,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"MOHW | Food and Drug Administration","award":["75F40120C00085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75F40120C00085"]}]},{"name":"UKRI | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","award":["BB\/X0011356\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/X0011356\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In 2022, the World Health Organization declared the worldwide outbreak of mpox to be a public health emergency of international concern. The causative monkeypox virus (MPXV) belonged to clade IIb and is transmitted through sexual contact with a low case fatality rate (0.1%), which, together with under-detection, all contributed to a rapid global spread particularly within the MSM (men who have sex with men) community. As MPXV clade II remains circulating worldwide, a new outbreak of the more fatal clade I disease has been declared in Central and East Africa, and remains uncontrolled in part due to the lack of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics for rapid decisions on treatment and self-isolation. To address the lack of POC solutions for mpox, we have designed and evaluated an orthopoxvirus-specific lateral flow device (LFD) that could be used for the diagnosis of mpox. Using an LFD comprising four monoclonal antibodies against the A27 protein, we demonstrate sensitivity to 3 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                      pfu\/mL. This sensitivity is expected to be sufficient for the detection of MPXV from lesion sites and may also be sufficient for other sample types such as saliva and urine. We found that the presence of guanidinium thiocyanate, a common ingredient in inactivating viral transport media, masked the LFD antigen, resulting in false negatives. POC diagnosis of mpox may be possible using an LFD to reduce delays arising from sample shipment to centralized laboratory testing facilities. In order to achieve this, our work demonstrates that an LFD-optimized buffer is required, as the sample collection buffer may have a detrimental impact on sensitivity for clinical material.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>Mpox cases have dramatically increased both in traditionally monkeypox virus endemic countries and also worldwide. This increase comes at a time when immunity derived from smallpox vaccination is no longer available. Diagnosis of mpox is complicated due to both disease presentation and the availability of local diagnostic laboratories. The availability of a point-of-care diagnostic tool such as an lateral flow device (LFD) would play an important role to both diagnose and prevent onward transmission. This manuscript provides developers and assessors with key data for defining true sensitivity and specificity of a successful LFD in addition to buffer conditions for sample collection.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02456-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T09:00:16Z","timestamp":1740560416000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Detection of mpox and other orthopoxviruses using a lateral flow device as a point-of-care diagnostic"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7970-6174","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Laidlaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pandemic Sciences Institute (PSI), University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Centre for Human Genetics (CHG), University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ulaeto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSTL","place":["Salisbury, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Lonsdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSTL","place":["Salisbury, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graeme","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSTL","place":["Salisbury, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0735-8649","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Sumner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey","place":["Guildford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4058-4461","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine","place":["Liverpool, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine","place":["Liverpool, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Global Access Diagnostics","place":["Bedford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Sophie","family":"Logist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology (Rega Institute), Ku Leuven","place":["Leuven, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bram","family":"Van Holm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology (Rega Institute), Ku Leuven","place":["Leuven, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4712-4601","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlos","family":"Maluquer de Motes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey","place":["Guildford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Horby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pandemic Sciences Institute (PSI), University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piet","family":"Maes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology (Rega Institute), Ku Leuven","place":["Leuven, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7026-7187","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Miles W.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pandemic Sciences Institute (PSI), University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Centre for Human Genetics (CHG), University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2207323"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.12513"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"WHO. 2024. WHO Director-General declares mpox outbreak a public health emergency of international concern. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/14-08-2024-who-director-general-declares-mpox-outbreak-a-public-health-emergency-of-international-concern"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"Africa CDC. 2024. Africa CDC declares mpox a public health emergency of continental security mobilizing resources across the continent. Available from: https:\/\/africacdc.org\/news-item\/africa-cdc-declares-mpox-a-public-health-emergency-of-continental-security-mobilizing-resources-across-the-continent"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"Africa CDC. Available from: https:\/\/africacdc.org\/download\/africa-cdc-weekly-event-based-surveillance-report-march-2024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3001.231164"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.11.2400106"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00185-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00509-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00194-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010141"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","volume-title":"Virology","author":"Fields BN","year":"1985","unstructured":"Fields BN. 1985. Edited by B. N. Fields. Virology. Raven Press, New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-79-2-347"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(81)90351-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.12.059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.03.087"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90752-b"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10091419"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","unstructured":"FDA. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/160774\/download"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","unstructured":"UKHSA. 2022 Recommendations for the use of pre- and post-exposure vaccination during a monkeypox incident. Available from: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/1100600\/recommendations-for-pre-and-post-exposure-vaccination-during-a-monkeypox-incident-26-august-2022.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","unstructured":"GOV.UK. 2021 Available from: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/100-days-mission-to-respond-to-future-pandemic-threats"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","unstructured":"CEPI. 2022 Available from: https:\/\/cepi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/CEPI-100-Days-Report-Digital-Version_29-11-22.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16050784"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","unstructured":"CDC. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mpox\/testing\/?CDC_AAref_Val=https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/mpox\/testing\/testing-basics.html. Retrieved 12 Sep 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2023.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2023.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1387636"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102510"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100924"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","unstructured":"Findxx. Available from: https:\/\/www.finddx.org\/mpx-test-directory. Retrieved 12 Sep 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2012.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.11.7.2497"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01012-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.76.22.11216-11225.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.70.6.3372-3377.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.5.2127-2140.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.35.2200636"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.28.2200503"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00440-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-023-02024-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111208"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0779"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.12.7.867-872.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2023.105421"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00794-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2012.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1384991"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.74.22.10535-10550.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d3ay00844d"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0295-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","unstructured":"Abingdon Health. Available from: https:\/\/www.abingdonhealth.com\/smartphones-and-lateral-flow-diagnostics-perfect-match. Retrieved 12 Sep 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","unstructured":"Platform Kinetics. Available from: https:\/\/www.platformkinetics.com\/lateralflow.html. Retrieved 12 Sep 2024."}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.02456-24","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.02456-24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T09:12:45Z","timestamp":1743498765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.02456-24"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Benjamin M.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.02456-24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.02456-24","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.09.25.24314344","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e02456-24"}}