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HTLV-1 production is poor and undetectable during the asymptomatic phase of infection. Virus-host immune interaction in latent infection has not been fully determined. In the present study, virus-specific antibody and T-cell responses in asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers (\n              <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n              = 77) were investigated. Neutralizing antibody responses were significantly higher in individuals with higher anti-Env SU (gp46) antibody levels and positively correlated with proviral loads. Overnight\n              <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n              culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells resulted in detectable HTLV-1 Gag antigen (p19) expression in CD4\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              T cells and interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3) induction in CD8\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              T cells. Frequencies of these p19-expressing CD4\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              T cells and non-specific IFN-\u03b3-induced CD8\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              T cells were positively correlated with proviral loads, respectively. Tax-specific CD8\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              T-cell frequencies were not associated with proviral loads but inversely correlated with the ratios of p19-expressing CD4\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              T-cell frequencies to proviral loads, implying the involvement of Tax-specific CD8\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              T cells in the control of HTLV-1 replication. These results provide insights into the elucidation of the virus-host immune interaction in latent HTLV-1 infection.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) can cause fatal diseases, including adult T-cell leukemia in humans after long-term asymptomatic infection. In asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers, substantial proviruses are detectable in lymphocytes, and the association of a higher proviral load with a higher risk of disease progression has been observed. However, viral replication is controlled and HTLV-1 production is poor in asymptomatic carriers. Virus-host immune interaction during latent infection has not been fully determined. In the present study, virus-specific antibody and T-cell responses in asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers were investigated. Neutralizing antibody responses were positively correlated with proviral loads. Tax-specific CD8\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              T-cell frequencies were not associated with proviral loads but inversely correlated with the ratios of p19-expressing CD4\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              T-cell frequencies to proviral loads, supporting the notion that Tax-specific CD8\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              T-cell responses play an important role in the control of HTLV-1 replication. These results provide insights into the mechanism of virus-host immune interaction in latent HTLV-1 infection.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02507-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T14:06:13Z","timestamp":1738332373000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Virus-host immune interaction in asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Theodore Worlanyo","family":"Asigbee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University","place":["Kumamoto, Japan"]},{"name":"AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases","place":["Tokyo, 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