{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T07:09:16Z","timestamp":1762067356893,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707177600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"DOE | Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education","award":["20121792 0009.08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20121792 0009.08"]}]},{"name":"DOE | Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education","award":["20121792 0009.08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20121792 0009.08"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The potential infectivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in animals raises a public health and economic concern, particularly the high susceptibility of white-tailed deer (WTD) to SARS-CoV-2. The disparity in the disease outcome between humans and WTD is very intriguing, as the latter are often asymptomatic, subclinical carriers of SARS-CoV-2. To date, no studies have evaluated the innate immune factors responsible for the contrasting SARS-CoV-2-associated disease outcomes in these mammalian species. A comparative transcriptomic analysis in primary respiratory epithelial cells of human (HRECs) and WTD (Deer-RECs) infected with the SARS-CoV-2 WA1\/2020 strain was assessed throughout 48 h post inoculation (hpi). Both HRECs and Deer-RECs were susceptible to virus infection, with significantly (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.001) lower virus replication in Deer-RECs. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEG) gradually increased in Deer-RECs but decreased in HRECs throughout the infection. The ingenuity pathway analysis of DEGs further identified that genes commonly altered during SARS-CoV-2 infection mainly belong to cytokine and chemokine response pathways mediated via interleukin-17 (IL-17) and nuclear factor-\u03baB (NF-\u03baB) signaling pathways. Inhibition of the NF-\u03baB signaling in the Deer-RECs pathway was predicted as early as 6 hpi. The findings from this study could explain the lack of clinical signs reported in WTD in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection as opposed to the severe clinical outcomes reported in humans.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study demonstrated that human and white-tailed deer primary respiratory epithelial cells are susceptible to the SARS-CoV-2 WA1\/2020 strain infection. However, the comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed that deer cells could limit viral replication without causing hypercytokinemia by downregulating IL-17 and NF-\u03baB signaling pathways. Identifying differentially expressed genes in human and deer cells that modulate key innate immunity pathways during the early infection will lead to developing targeted therapies toward preventing or mitigating the \u201ccytokine storm\u201d often associated with severe cases of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Moreover, results from this study will aid in identifying novel prognostic biomarkers in predicting SARS-CoV-2 adaption and transmission in deer and associated cervids.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02524-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T14:01:09Z","timestamp":1704722469000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["How do deer respiratory epithelial cells weather the initial storm of SARS-CoV-2 WA1\/2020 strain?"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0000-4410","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kaitlyn M.","family":"Sarlo Davila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Infectious Bacterial Disease Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Ames, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8765-0943","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rahul K.","family":"Nelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kruttika S.","family":"Phadke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Ruden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2980-2854","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yongming","family":"Sang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4034-6482","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bryan H.","family":"Bellaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4407-7996","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luis G.","family":"Gimenez-Lirola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8946-9416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura C.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"NSSF-. 2018. Hunting in America - an economic force for conservation 2018 edition. Available from: https:\/\/www.fishwildlife.org\/application\/files\/3815\/3719\/7536\/Southwick_Assoc_-_NSSF_Hunting_Econ.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","unstructured":"Perdue S Hamer H. 2019. Census of agriculture. United States Summary and State Data \u2022 Geographic Area Series \u2022 USDA. Available from: https:\/\/www.nass.usda.gov\/Publications\/AgCensus\/2017\/Full_Report\/Volume_1 _Chapter_1_US\/usv1.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","unstructured":"US Fish and Wildlife Service US Department of Commerce US Census Bureau U.S. Department of the Interior. 2018. 2016 national survey of fishing hunting and wildlife-associated recreation. 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