{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T23:55:04Z","timestamp":1793058904956,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The nervous system\u2019s ability to perceive and learn about the environment can help organisms evolve and acquire traits, potentially generating adaptive responses. However, its potential to produce heritable modulations is a scientific lacuna, which is under-explored. Here, with the help of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which has a well-established neuronal networking, we found that on training the worms on a candidate pathogenic bacterium\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      Serovar Typhi, the worms could exhibit a characteristic transgenerational pathogenic avoidance up to three subsequent generations to the otherwise attractive pathogen. Our further analyses suggested that dopamine signaling is essential for the learning and transmission of the learned traits across generations and that inhibiting or mutating the expression of DAT-1 involved in dopamine transportation eliminated the inheritance patterns. Also, the offspring generations showed enhanced survival resistance against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhi, which was coupled with the higher levels of C-type lectins suggesting priming of the offspring\u2019s immune system to generate resistance against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhi upon re-exposure. Enhanced DAF-2\/DAF-16-mediated insulin signaling pathway was observed, suggesting that the inherited immune response could be mediated through insulin\/IGF-1 signaling (IIS). Furthermore, mutigenerational training on\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhi for three continuous generations induced preferential adaptation and better survivability toward\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhi. Taken together, the present study indicates that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhi infection could generate transgenerational heritable dopaminergic modulations, which could possibly be the key signaling player in determining the decision-making ability of the host and also generate adaptive survival response, which could be mediated by the insulin-signaling pathway.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>Adaptation is a phenomenon by which an organism learns and develops a mechanism to respond to dynamic and challenging conditions. It provides animals with an advantage to exhibit phenotypic as well as genotypic plasticity, enabling better survivability. The current study helps in understanding how animals respond to environmental stresses such as bacterial infections and the possible mechanism by which the information of the experience is being transmitted across future generations. Neuronal signaling promotes the brain\u2019s ability to learn and generate memory, thereby reorganizing the response of the organism. The study also tries to understand how neuronal signaling could be essential for transmitting the information of parental experiences transgenerationally. Collectively, the study helps us understand the evolutionary adaptations exhibited across generations, which will also help us understand the long-term effects of pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02575-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T09:00:43Z","timestamp":1747904443000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Coupled dopamine and insulin signaling mediated transgenerational and multigenerational inheritance of adaptive traits in\n                    <i>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/i>\n                    upon parental training with\n                    <i>Salmonella enterica<\/i>\n                    Serovar Typhi"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8539-215X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bynedi Seshadhri Chinna","family":"Mounish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tjsyq23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University","place":["Karaikudi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balasubramanian Chellammal","family":"Muthubharathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tjsyq23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University","place":["Karaikudi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thirumugam","family":"Gowripriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tjsyq23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University","place":["Karaikudi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koilmani","family":"Emmanuvel Rajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02w7vnb60","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University","place":["Tiruchirappalli, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9316-8141","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Krishnaswamy","family":"Balamurugan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tjsyq23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University","place":["Karaikudi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12661"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb06049.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.111.187468"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","volume-title":"Essays upon heredity and kindred biological problems. authorized translation by Poulton, Sch\u00f6nland, and Shipley","author":"Weismann A","year":"1892","unstructured":"Weismann A. 1892. 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