{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:42:29Z","timestamp":1792590149733,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Czech Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GF22\u201015841K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GF22\u201015841K"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Polish Science Foundation","award":["UMO\u20102021\/03\/Y\/NZ8\/00060 (EG)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO\u20102021\/03\/Y\/NZ8\/00060 (EG)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cardinium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      are phylogenetically distinct intracellular symbionts that have convergently evolved mechanisms to infect a wide range of arthropod and nematode hosts. Here, we investigated the interaction dynamics of two basal strains,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cardinium<\/jats:italic>\n                      (cTPut) and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      (wTPut), in the stored-product mite\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Tyrophagus putrescentiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Acari: Astigmata). The KEGG-annotated gene expression profiles of mite samples were analyzed in single infections (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cardinium<\/jats:italic>\n                      or\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and mixed infections across three time points (2, 4, and 6 months). Temporal effects on gene expression were marginal; therefore, correlation-based network analyses were used to characterize host-symbiont interactions. The symbionts exhibited distinct host-targeting strategies:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      displayed a \u201cbroad\u201d interaction pattern characterized by numerous weak correlations with host KEGG genes, whereas\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cardinium<\/jats:italic>\n                      showed a \u201cfocused\u201d strategy involving fewer but stronger correlations. These patterns were consistent across global KEGG data sets, immune and regulatory pathways (including AMPK, autophagy, endocytosis, Hippo, lysosome, MAPK, mTOR, and Notch), receptor subsets, and metabolic pathways. Consistent with these interaction patterns, orthologous analyses across\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cardinium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and selected\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      genomes revealed that infection-associated genes are not broadly conserved but are enriched in lineage-specific, duplicated gene families, particularly in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. putrescentiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      -associated symbionts. These findings indicate that infection-related traits evolve primarily through lineage-specific gene family expansion rather than conservation and suggest that basal\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cardinium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      employ fundamentally distinct host interaction strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        The study provides novel insight into host-symbiont interactions:\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cardinium<\/jats:italic>\n                        ,\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                        infecting mite\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Tyrophagus putrescentiae<\/jats:italic>\n                        , an important producer of allergens (i)\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cardinium<\/jats:italic>\n                        gene expression responds to the presence of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                        , whereas\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                        gene expression shows no reciprocal response; (ii) the two symbionts employ contrasting host interaction strategies with the host, with\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cardinium<\/jats:italic>\n                        exhibiting fewer but stronger associations and\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                        showing widespread but weaker correlations; (iii) distinct host pathways are differentially associated with each symbiont; and (iv) we identified 40 of the most correlated bacterial genes to the host that include candidates of viral origin, suggesting a potential role of horizontally acquired elements in the host. Furthermore, evolutionary analyses demonstrate that infection-associated genes are primarily lineage expanded rather than broadly conserved across symbiont genomes. Given the allergenic relevance of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. putrescentiae<\/jats:italic>\n                        , these findings suggest that symbiont-specific interaction strategies can indirectly influence host physiology and allergen production.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02596-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:03:37Z","timestamp":1792587817000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Correlation-based analysis of gene expression in\n                    <i>Cardinium<\/i>\n                    ,\n                    <i>Wolbachia<\/i>\n                    , and\n                    <i>Tyrophagus putrescentiae<\/i>\n                    reveals distinct host-symbiont interactions and parallel evolutionary expansion of infection-associated genes"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0740-166X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jan","family":"Hubert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0415vcw02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague","place":["Prague, Czechia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9486-7224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliza","family":"Glowska-Patyniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Morphology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University","place":["Pozna\u0144, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5850-8718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jitka","family":"Stara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0436mv865","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Czech Agrifood Research Center","place":["Prague, Czechia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2781-359X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02mpq6x41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Genome Research Core, University of Illinois Chicago","place":["Chicago, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01583-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","volume-title":"Manipulative Tenants: Bacteria Associated with Arthropods","author":"Breeuwer JAJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Breeuwer JAJ, Ros VID, Groot TVM. 2011. 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