{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T16:15:05Z","timestamp":1783008905827,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n            O1 has caused cholera pandemics. Non-pandemic\n            <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n            O1 strains, which are genetically distinctive from the pandemic clones, have been isolated from both human infections and the environment. We aimed to better understand the non-pandemic O1 strains and their pandemic potential. We sequenced 109 non-pandemic O1 isolates from Zhejiang, China (from 1963 to 1996) and compared them with 62 publicly available non-pandemic O1 genomes. The isolates from Zhejiang can be classified into three lineages (L1\u2013L3). All grouped together with L3 sharing the most recent common ancestor with the pandemic clones. L2 and L3 emerged in the 1960s while L1 emerged in the 1970s. L1 and L2 disappeared after the 1990s, but L3 persisted until recently. All isolates contained the type VI secretion system. The\n            <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n            pathogenicity island was present in all L3 isolates, whereas the type III secretion system was present in all L1 isolates. L2 did not carry any unique virulence genes. An intact CTX\u03c6 was present in only two L3 isolates. An intact\n            <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n            seventh pandemic island 1 was present in only three L3 isolates. The\n            <jats:italic>\n              bla\n              <jats:sub>CARB-7<\/jats:sub>\n            <\/jats:italic>\n            gene was identified in 96.3% of L2 isolates. Each of the non-pandemic O1 lineages has unique properties contributing to their capacity to cause disease. Our findings offer new insight into the evolution of O1\n            <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n            for cholera prevention and control.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              It is well recognized that only\n              <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n              O1 causes cholera pandemics. However, not all O1 strains cause pandemic-level disease. In this study, we analyzed non-pandemic O1\n              <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n              isolates from the 1960s to the 1990s from China and found that they fell into three lineages, one of which shared the most recent common ancestor with pandemic O1 strains. Each of these non-pandemic O1 lineages has unique properties that contribute to their capacity to cause cholera. The findings of this study enhanced our understanding of the emergence and evolution of both pandemic and non-pandemic O1\n              <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n              .\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02615-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T13:08:23Z","timestamp":1697029703000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Emergence and genomic insights of non-pandemic O1\n            <i>Vibrio cholerae<\/i>\n            in Zhejiang, China"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7713-4849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales, 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