{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T04:23:36Z","timestamp":1775103816721,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["NSTC 112-2320-B-006-051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2320-B-006-051"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Microorganisms that are involved in microbial invasion keratitis infiltrate the cornea and cause eye pain. Despite the administration of antimicrobial treatment, patients with amoebic keratitis develop bacterial coinfections.\n            <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n            infection accounts for 50% of the reported bacterial coinfections in these patients. However, the role of pathogenic bacteria in amoeba-induced corneal damage remains unclear. In our current study, we conducted assays to examine cytopathic effects and observed increased corneal cell damage in the group with secondary\n            <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n            infections. Imaging revealed that the presence of\n            <jats:italic>A. castellanii<\/jats:italic>\n            enhanced the accumulation of\n            <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n            in areas of cell monolayer leakage. We demonstrated that treatment of\n            <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n            with amoeba-soluble antigen resulted in higher adhesion ability, increased biofilm formation, and more severe corneal cell damage. Overall, this research significantly contributes to our understanding of the risk of\n            <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n            coinfection in the progression of Acanthamoeba keratitis.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              At the National Cheng Kung University Hospital, numerous cases of amoebic keratitis had been identified with concurrent bacterial infections. Among these bacterial coinfections,\n              <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n              accounted for 50% of the reported cases. However, the impact of pathogenic bacteria on amoeba-induced corneal damage remains unclear. In our study, we successfully demonstrated that\n              <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n              accumulated on the\n              <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba castellanii<\/jats:italic>\n              surface and caused more severe corneal damage. We also indicated that the exposure of\n              <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n              to amoeba-soluble antigens enhanced its adhesion ability, promoted biofilm formation, and led to more severe corneal cell damage. These findings significantly contributed to our understanding of the risk associated with\n              <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n              coinfection in the progression of amoeba keratitis.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02683-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T14:07:35Z","timestamp":1702562855000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["<i>A. castellanii<\/i>\n            and\n            <i>P. aeruginosa<\/i>\n            mutually exacerbate damage to corneal cells during coinfection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4496-3544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Hsien","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen-Chieh","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Jen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fu-Chin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7223-5931","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wei-Chen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.44.2.491-493.1982"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-001-0108-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.2.273-307.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1542-0124(12)70071-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700563"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02066-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2016.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S66424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2012.749400"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02427-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2003.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1023523"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001578"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-020-4890-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03877.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2005.00851.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02322-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001129"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.23768"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es502652n"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00512-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00642-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1415712111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2000)086[0220:PAITEA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/w05-114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00191"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2015.2562"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2014.00103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.1163"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1020029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000266"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1994355"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-022-03185-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.13583"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2011.05107.x"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.02683-23","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.02683-23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T14:17:22Z","timestamp":1704982642000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.02683-23"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Ginger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.02683-23"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.02683-23","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-06-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-31","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e02683-23"}}