{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:11:43Z","timestamp":1792069903073,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI161785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI161785"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection worldwide. We compared the\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n activity of the thiazolide nitazoxanide (NTZ) and its metabolite, tizoxanide (TIZ), with the activity of the Food and Drug Administration-approved 5-nitroimidazoles (metronidazole [MTZ], tinidazole [TDZ], and secnidazole [SEC]) against MTZ-susceptible and MTZ-resistant\n Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n clinical isolates. Frozen, stored\n T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n clinical isolates (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 36) were cultured in Diamond\u2019s trypticase-yeast-maltose media supplemented with heat-inactivated horse serum and an antibiotic cocktail. Drug-susceptibility assays for the thiazolides (NTZ and TIZ) and the 5-nitroimidazoles (MTZ, TDZ, and SEC) were performed to determine the minimum lethal concentrations (MLCs) for each\n T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n isolate and the median MLC for each drug. Of the 36\n T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n isolates cultured, 18 were MTZ resistant and 18 were MTZ susceptible. For the 18 MTZ-resistant strains, the median MLCs for MTZ, TDZ, and SEC were 100, 25, and 50 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively. By contrast, the median MLCs for NTZ and TIZ were considerably lower at 1.6 and 0.8 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively. The similarity in thiazolide MLCs in all\n T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n strains, regardless of sensitivity to MTZ, suggests that NTZ and TIZ act via a different mechanism than the 5-nitroimidazoles. Future investigations will focus on the\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n activity of NTZ and TIZ as well as the efficacy of thiazolides used as monotherapy or as combination therapy, particularly in\n T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n -infected patients who do not respond to 5-nitroimidazole treatment.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n \n Investigating drug resistance and alternative treatment options for\n Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n is crucial due to the increasing prevalence of persistent infections and the potential failure of standard therapies (i.e., 5-nitroimidazoles). Trichomoniasis can lead to significant health complications, including increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The rise of 5-nitroimidazole drug-resistant strains poses a challenge to effective treatment, necessitating ongoing research to understand the mechanisms behind this resistance. Exploring alternative treatments, such as novel pharmacological agents like nitazoxanide and tizoxanide, could provide more effective options for managing these persistent infections. Additionally, comprehensive investigations can help inform public health strategies and reduce transmission rates. Ultimately, prioritizing research in this area is essential for improving patient outcomes and safeguarding reproductive health.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02717-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T09:00:43Z","timestamp":1747904443000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Nitazoxanide and tizoxanide demonstrate high levels of\n in vitro<\/i>\n activity against metronidazole-susceptible and metronidazole-resistant\n Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i>\n clinical isolates"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8646-3801","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Keonte J.","family":"Graves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/008s83205","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham","place":["Birmingham, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0207ad724","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Infectious Diseases, Wake Forest University School of Medicine","place":["Winston-Salem, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/008s83205","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham","place":["Birmingham, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemant K.","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/008s83205","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham","place":["Birmingham, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Evan","family":"Secor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00qzjvm58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4005-3858","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christina A.","family":"Muzny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/008s83205","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham","place":["Birmingham, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001383"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182020001237"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2024.100566"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2009.06675.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0020-7519(98)00155-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1806.111590"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-200111000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00814-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200102000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cr.7290169"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2002.tb00523.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-1237(11)80020-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/49.1.103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-022-07567-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.5.1121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.15.2.254"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2016.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-1938-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31802f5d9a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH11114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624211034974"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"Romark Pharmaceuticals. 2005. Alinia (nitazoxanide) [package insert]. Available from: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2005\/021818lbl.pdf. Retrieved 26 Jul 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","unstructured":"Lupin Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2021. Solosec (secnidazole) [package insert]. Available from: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2021\/209363s017lbl.pdf. Retrieved 10 Oct 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","unstructured":"Mission Pharmaceutical Company. 2021. Tindamax (tinidazole) [package insert]. Available from: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2021\/021618s008lbl.pdf. Retrieved 10 Oct 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","unstructured":"Pfizer Labs. 2024. Flagyl (metronidazole) [package insert]. Available from: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2024\/012623s072lbl.pdf. Retrieved 10 Oct 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31488\/bjg.1000108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","unstructured":"Cayman Chemical Company. 2022. Nitazoxanide [package insert]. Available from: https:\/\/cdn.caymanchem.com\/cdn\/insert\/13692.pdf. Retrieved 10 Oct 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","unstructured":"Cayman Chemical Company. 2022. Tizoxanide [package insert]. Available from: https:\/\/cdn.caymanchem.com\/cdn\/insert\/13693.pdf. Retrieved 10 Oct 2024."}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.02717-24","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.02717-24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T09:06:18Z","timestamp":1751360778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.02717-24"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Bonnie Chase","family":"Prokesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.02717-24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.02717-24","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e02717-24"}}