{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:08:02Z","timestamp":1790186882222,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Infectious Disease Medical Center","award":["B2022011-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B2022011-1"]}]},{"name":"Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shangdong Laboratory project","award":["JNL-2022050B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JNL-2022050B"]}]},{"name":"Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Inctroduction Program of ZheJiang","award":["2021R01012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R01012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n For the first time,\n Stenotrophomonas muris<\/jats:italic>\n , whose pathogenic\n potential for humans has never been reported previously, has been identified\n to be associated with human infections. In this work, the phenotype of\n S. muris<\/jats:italic>\n virulence, the potential genes that encode\n higher virulence of\n S. muris<\/jats:italic>\n , and host responses to\n S. muris<\/jats:italic>\n infection were investigated for the first\n time. It was found that S9 (\n S. muris<\/jats:italic>\n no. 9, isolated from\n the patient\u2019s bloodstream infection) was more virulent than both S8\n (\n S. muris<\/jats:italic>\n no. 8, isolated from the patient\u2019s\n sputum) and S1 (\n Stenotrophomonas maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n type strain\n ATCC13637). Candidate genes that may encode higher virulence of S9 were\n identified, including\n virB6<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n dcm<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n hlyD<\/jats:italic>\n , and 14 other genes involved in porphyrin\n metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, DNA methylation, two-component system,\n and biofilm formation. Transcriptome analysis of infected host cells (THP-1\n cells) showed that 13 candidate genes involved in host response to hypoxia\n (\n HILPDA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n FOXH1<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n ANGPTL4<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n SLC2A1<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n HK2<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n ADM<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n CXCR4<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n BNIP3<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n PLAT<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n PLOD2<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n STC2<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n STC1<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n AK4<\/jats:italic>\n ) were preferentially\n upregulated by the more virulent strain S9 over the less virulent S8. Two\n downregulated genes (\n SLC26A11<\/jats:italic>\n and\n SLC8A1<\/jats:italic>\n )\n involved in monoatomic ion transport and the calcium signaling pathway may\n also need special attention, as they may be involved in pathogenesis.\n Antibiotic susceptibility testing indicated that strains S8 and S9\n demonstrated high resistance to colistin and polymyxin B, with MIC values\n surpassing clinical breakpoints. For ceftazidime (a cephalosporin) and\n levofloxacin (a fluoroquinolone), MIC values were elevated in S8\/S9 compared\n to S1 but remained within the susceptible range (ceftazidime: S8 and S9;\n levofloxacin: S8) or intermediate category (levofloxacin: S9). Because of\n the above differences in virulence properties and antibiotic susceptibility,\n it is critical that\n S. muris<\/jats:italic>\n be distinguished from\n S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n in a clinical setting for improved care.\n This work provides the basis for future studies on pathogenic mechanisms of\n S. muris<\/jats:italic>\n and for developing improved treatment in the\n future.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n \n Stenotrophomonas muris<\/jats:italic>\n was first discovered as a potential\n human pathogen. Since it shares 99.72% similarity of the 16S rRNA to\n Stenotrophomonas maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n , conventional diagnostic\n methods usually classify it as\n S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n clinically.\n However, the two human pathogens should be distinguished. The reason is that\n they have different virulence and different drug susceptibilities, which\n result in different administrations of drugs to treat their infections. To\n better distinguish these two pathogens and treat infections of\n S.\n muris<\/jats:italic>\n , we investigated the virulence genes, the host response\n of\n S. muris<\/jats:italic>\n infections, and susceptibility of\n S.\n muris<\/jats:italic>\n to different drugs. The results we show in this paper\n will guide researchers to identify virulence genes, diagnostic biomarkers,\n and targets to develop treatment strategies for\n S. muris<\/jats:italic>\n infections.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02770-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T13:15:21Z","timestamp":1758633321000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Stenotrophomonas muris<\/i>\n \u2014first discovered as a potential human pathogen with strong virulence and antibiotic resistance, associated with bloodstream infections"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9472-9925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaying","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05m1p5x56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8568-5106","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xu","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05m1p5x56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanghui","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05m1p5x56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05m1p5x56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6183-9301","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuyun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05m1p5x56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05m1p5x56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05m1p5x56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05m1p5x56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanyin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05m1p5x56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixia","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05m1p5x56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5908-307X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05m1p5x56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-023-03524-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00951"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126836"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138920111794295729"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02038-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00359-24"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-482"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03299-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nsb0698-446"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.01013.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.911114"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.27724"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02248.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(97)01005-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt250"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051053"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.19.8317"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199808203390806"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00052-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2323-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2004.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11071044"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00457-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2008.00135.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21775\/cimb.032.167"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.28337-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1129437"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3205\/dgkh000396"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00283268"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03453-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0028-16.2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpx179"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16373-0_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2009.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2011.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jciso.2022.100058"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.16"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03846-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1121863"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.3740"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.108183"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094716"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00662.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-09-2329"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2015.1017192"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-020-00976-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.04.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00172"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107218"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2152\/jmi.52.127"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110917"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.13710"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.12.122"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-021-01995-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.106.027029"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02871"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2022.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1488674"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.02770-24","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.02770-24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T14:06:09Z","timestamp":1762265169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.02770-24"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Joanna B.","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.02770-24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.02770-24","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e02770-24"}}