{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:26:09Z","timestamp":1785432369064,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002923","name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIP 0206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIP 0206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n This study analyzes the molecular epidemiology of\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n genes and Class 1 integron in broad-spectrum beta-lactamase (BSBL) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing strains of bacteria isolated from clinical samples of hospitalized and ambulatory patients before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Isolates obtained in two periods were compared: the first corresponding to the years November 2019\u2013March 2020, and the second to the years November 2021\u2013April 2022. We evaluate changes in resistance patterns of antibiotics associated with pressures on the healthcare system and social lockdowns. A total of 156 isolates were analyzed: 78 from the first period (61 hospitalized, 17 ambulatory) and 78 from the second period (47 hospitalized, 31 ambulatory).\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n were the predominant bacterial species, representing 85% of the isolates in both periods. The frequency of ambulatory ESBL-producing isolates increased significantly, from 22% (17\/78) to 40% (31\/78;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.01) in the second period. The prevalence of\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n SHV<\/jats:sub>\n increased from 24% (19\/78) to 72% (56\/78;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.01) in the second period, while the\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n CTX-M-2<\/jats:sub>\n group, absent in the first period, was detected in 43% (34\/78) of isolates from the second period. Strains from the second period exhibited greater genetic complexity, with an increased prevalence of combinations involving three or more\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n genes, including isolates carrying up to five of such genes. Class 1 integron showed a strong correlation with resistance to ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The gene\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-1<\/jats:sub>\n , previously associated with resistance to beta-lactamase inhibitors, did not show a clear pattern in the second period.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n Antimicrobial resistance associated with the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) represents a critical global health challenge, particularly due to the limited development of new antibiotics. This is the first report from Argentina\u2019s central-west region examining the prevalence of beta-lactamase-encoding genes, providing a framework for future research. Our findings reveal a significant increase in bacteria with the ESBL phenotype, particularly among ambulatory populations post-pandemic, suggesting a concerning spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria outside hospital environments. This could compromise empirical antibiotic treatments for ambulatory patients, increasing the risk of severe complications. Our results highlight the urgent need for ongoing surveillance to detect virulent strains before clonal spread or horizontal gene transfer occurs in the community. They also emphasize the importance of strategies to ensure the prudent use of antimicrobials and mitigate the increasing prevalence of resistance genes, which threatens the effectiveness of current therapeutic options.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02771-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T12:00:15Z","timestamp":1752580815000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Shifts in\n bla<\/i>\n genes and Class 1 integron prevalence in beta-lactamase-producing bacteria before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Mendoza, Argentina"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"F.","family":"M\u00e1rquez-Friedrichs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05sn8wf81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica e Inmunidad, Instituto de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo","place":["Mendoza, Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6552-4209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. B.","family":"Nolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05sn8wf81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica e Inmunidad, Instituto de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo","place":["Mendoza, Argentina"]},{"name":"IMBECU-CONICET","place":["Mendoza, Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Ferreyra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bacteriolog\u00eda del Hospital Central","place":["Mendoza, Argentina"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05sn8wf81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"\u00c1rea de Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo","place":["Mendoza, Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Zuloaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bacteriolog\u00eda del Hospital Central","place":["Mendoza, Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Dominguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bacteriolog\u00eda del Hospital Central","place":["Mendoza, Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Secotaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bacteriolog\u00eda del Hospital Central","place":["Mendoza, Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. 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