{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T17:38:00Z","timestamp":1785865080773,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Due to the increasing incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens, the need for the development of alternative compounds is of utmost importance. Bacteriocins are considered a promising alternative to antibiotics. In this study, we determined the\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            activities of 65 bacteriocins from the PARAGEN collection along with microbisporicin (NAI-107) against 14 WHO reference isolates of\n            <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            , one isolate of\n            <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic>\n            , and four commensal\n            <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic>\n            spp. The initial screening of the bacteriocins was carried out using a spot-on-lawn assay wherein 12 bacteriocins (12\/66) showed a zone of inhibition against the WHO-P\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            isolate. Four bacteriocins (4\/12), Garvicin KS (GarKS) (ABC), lacticin (lcn) Q, lcn Z, and NAI-107, demonstrated higher activity, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) using agar dilutions were determined for 19\n            <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic>\n            spp. GarKS (ABC), lcn Q, and lcn Z had an MIC range of 4\u201316 \u00b5g\/mL, whereas NAI-107 had an MIC range of &lt;0.25 to 2 \u00b5g\/mL. Using an\n            <jats:italic>in vivo Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n            model, we determined the efficacy of GarKS (ABC), lcn Z, and NAI-107. GarKS (ABC) and lcn Z displayed no\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            toxicity but showed no\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            activity against WHO-P\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            . In contrast, NAI-107 was as effective as ceftriaxone and significantly increased the survival rate of WHO-P\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            -infected\n            <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n            larvae. In conclusion, NAI-107 exhibited potent\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            activities against\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            . To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that NAI-107 possesses anti-gonococcal activity\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              We screened 66 bacteriocins to see if they exhibited anti-gonococcal activity. We found 12 bacteriocins with anti-gonococcal effects, and 4 bacteriocins showed higher anti-gonococcal activity. Three bacteriocins, lacticin Z, lacticin Q, and Garvicin KS (ABC), showed\n              <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              anti-gonococcal activity but no\n              <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n              inhibitory effects against the\n              <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n              (WHO-P) isolate. On the other hand, NAI-107 showed\n              <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n              anti-gonococcal activity. The findings suggest that NAI-107 is a promising alternative to treat gonorrhea infections.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02825-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T13:03:05Z","timestamp":1697115785000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Microbisporicin (NAI-107) protects\n            <i>Galleria mellonella<\/i>\n            from infection with\n            <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nele","family":"Hofkens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp , Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zina","family":"Gestels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp , Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Said","family":"Abdellati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Reference Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp , Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1804-252X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Irith","family":"De Baetselier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Reference Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp , Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Gabant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syngulon , Seraing, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anandi","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syngulon , Seraing, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Kenyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp , Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8421-5137","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sheeba Santhini","family":"Manoharan-Basil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp , Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill J\n. 2016. Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/APO-63983"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-021-00313-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"629","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. 2022. Lancet:629\u2013655.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176667"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/np068054v"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"WHO\n. 2021. Global progress report on HIV viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.169"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5347(17)56978-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz145"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08200-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05338.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871526514666140522113337"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2225\/vol6-issue3-fulltext-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1273"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01136035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C2NP20085F"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00579.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0282(2000)55:1<62::AID-BIP60>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/a804531c"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2009.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00591"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008285107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2007.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01198-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/np400702t"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00250-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.537449"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530050645"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02286-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.70169"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01094-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx395"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-017-1375-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-015-1703-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-7915(95)80022-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.13.3843-3845.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05362.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-012-1609-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr198"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt195"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1950269"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.ac2020.po1042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms131216668"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02284-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02085"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9020040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.630695"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw288"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00213"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","volume-title":"CLSI, performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests, 33rd ed","author":"CLSI","year":"2023","unstructured":"CLSI . 2023. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. In CLSI, performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests, 33rd ed"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12060947"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2015.1135289"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftaa056"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.782733"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00808-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00209-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.11.5274-5280.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00859-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01288-10"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.02825-23","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.02825-23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T13:51:35Z","timestamp":1702389095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.02825-23"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"John M.","family":"Atack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.02825-23"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.02825-23","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-07-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e02825-23"}}