{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:49:07Z","timestamp":1785408547595,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013142","name":"Key Research and Development Project of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZDYF2021SHFZ228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDYF2021SHFZ228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013142","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Youth Project of the Natural Science Foundation of the Department of Science and Technology of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["2025D01C321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025D01C321"]}]},{"name":"State key Laboratory of pathogenesis, Prevention and treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia fundings","award":["SKL-HIDCA-2021-JH9, SKL-HIDCA-2021-JH10, SKL-HIDCA-2020-35, SKL-HIDCA-2020-36, SKL-HIDCA-2020-38, SKL-HIDCA-2019-45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKL-HIDCA-2021-JH9, SKL-HIDCA-2021-JH10, SKL-HIDCA-2020-35, SKL-HIDCA-2020-36, SKL-HIDCA-2020-38, SKL-HIDCA-2019-45"]}]},{"name":"Education Department of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region-Xinjiang Universities Scientific Research Program","award":["XJEDU2025J061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJEDU2025J061"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82060609, 82460019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82060609, 82460019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Funds for International Cooperation and Exchange of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32061143024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32061143024"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004761","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["822QN471, 821QN408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["822QN471, 821QN408"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious global health problem, and the molecular mechanisms underlying TB pathogenesis remain poorly understood to date. Differential expression of many genes is an important contributor to TB, and poly(A) tails have previously unrecognized regulatory roles in this process that may impact gene expression. In this study, we combined Poly(A)-seq and RNA-seq to preliminarily investigate the link between poly(A) tail length and gene expression regulation in TB. The results indicated that the majority of genes harbor a longer poly(A) tail in TB, and the transcript levels of these genes were likely to be precisely regulated by poly(A) tail length. Notably, we identified 22 immune\/inflammation-related genes that exhibited significant variations in both poly(A) tail length and expression levels. Furthermore, we focused on CHI3L1, associated with a robust antibacterial response, and experimentally validated its poly(A) tail length and expression level, showing that alterations in CHI3L1 poly(A) tail length affect gene expression, which may be important for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection. In conclusion, this study generates hypotheses about post-transcriptional regulation in TB granulomas and may contribute potential strategies and ideas for future TB control.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Tuberculosis (TB), caused by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Mtb), remains a global health challenge, with granulomas\u2014its defining histopathological feature\u2014playing a crucial role in the host\u2019s defense and patient outcomes. While poly(A) tail processing, a critical post-transcriptional regulator of RNA lifecycle events, has been studied in diseases like repeat expansion disorders, its role in TB pathogenesis remains unexplored. This study is the first to integrate Poly(A)-seq and RNA-seq to investigate the significance of poly(A) tail length regulation in tuberculosis granulomas. Our findings provide new insights into Mtb pathogenesis and the human immune response, and offer promising avenues for developing targeted host-directed therapeutic strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02825-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T14:50:40Z","timestamp":1772203840000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrative analysis of Poly(A)-seq and RNA-seq reveals transcriptional regulation of poly(A) tail length in tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1544-9380","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bahetibieke","family":"Tuohetaerbaike","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059gw8r13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Genomics Data Center, China National Center for Bioinformation","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059gw8r13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liya","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Genomics Data Center, China National Center for Bioinformation","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peihan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Genomics Data Center, China National Center for Bioinformation","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuidan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Genomics Data Center, China National Center for Bioinformation","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7144-220X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hao","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059gw8r13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qx1ae98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059gw8r13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qx1ae98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3318-2130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059gw8r13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qx1ae98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059cjpv64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University Haikou","place":["Hainan, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/004eeze55","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Hainan Medical University","place":["Haikou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3895-6318","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059gw8r13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]},{"name":"National Genomics Data Center, China National Center for Bioinformation","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02xe5ns62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6922-8372","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059gw8r13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qx1ae98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m216"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2023. Global Tuberculosis Report 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-tuberculosis-programme\/tb-reports\/global-tuberculosis-report-2023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3211"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0022-2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2020.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.66493"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00417-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11040677"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.078918.121"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2013-14-4-r36"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1621"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234696"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp616"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr483"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1323894111"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a018424"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2838"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MGM2-0012-2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021121"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42218-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208075"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.2.807"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6101(03)00021-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038429"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12953"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2005.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.82898"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-020-09909-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M206868200"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.12.4538"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2007.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M208322200"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39974"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2013.553"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114537"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01121-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032712-100022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216149"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.02825-24","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.02825-24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T13:07:57Z","timestamp":1775567277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.02825-24"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Xinchun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.02825-24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.02825-24","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e02825-24"}}