{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:18:55Z","timestamp":1790864335732,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      As primary colonizers of the tooth surface, oral streptococci play a crucial role in dental caries development. Numerous natural compounds, including flavonoids, are emerging as promising agents for inhibiting dental biofilm formation without compromising bacterial viability, underscoring their potential in non-bactericidal antibiofilm strategies. This study investigated the effects and mechanism of action of the unmodified plant flavonoid cyanidin on the growth and sucrose-dependent biofilm formation of oral streptococci, with a particular focus on the cariogenic pathogen\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      . At concentrations above 100 \u00b5g\/mL, cyanidin significantly inhibited biofilm formation by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      without impacting bacterial viability. The flavonoid reduced the biomass of surface-associated bacteria and exopolysaccharides (EPS), particularly by inhibiting water-insoluble glucan (WIG) production mediated by the glucosyltransferases GtfB and GtfC. While cyanidin did not exhibit a bactericidal effect on early colonizer streptococci, such as\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus sanguinis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus gordonii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus oralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus mitis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , it showed a significant inhibitory effect on bacterial acidogenicity and mixed-species streptococcal biofilms in the presence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Remarkably, cyanidin gradually reduced the proportion of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the mixed biofilm, suggesting a selective impact that may promote a more commensal-dominant community by disrupting\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      glucan production and biofilm competitiveness.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The identification of compounds with potent antibiofilm effects that do not compromise bacterial viability presents a promising strategy for oral health management. By preventing biofilm formation and keeping bacteria in a planktonic state, such agents could enhance bacterial susceptibility to targeted therapies, including probiotics or phage-based treatments. Cyanidin, which exhibits strong antibiofilm activity against oral streptococcal biofilms, reduces bacterial acidogenicity and may promote a more commensal-dominant biofilm\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , potentially hindering the maturation of cariogenic biofilms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02848-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T21:08:54Z","timestamp":1746047334000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Inhibitory effect of plant flavonoid cyanidin on oral microbial biofilm"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lucille","family":"Rudin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02s6k3f65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department Research, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel","place":["Basel, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Kneub\u00fchler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02s6k3f65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department Research, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel","place":["Basel, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Badri Nath","family":"Dubey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01js2sh04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"CSSB Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY","place":["Hamburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabahuddin","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH","place":["J\u00fclich, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7773-8957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael M.","family":"Bornstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02s6k3f65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department Research, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel","place":["Basel, Switzerland"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02s6k3f65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Oral Health & Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel","place":["Basel, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5025-1989","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Viktoriya","family":"Shyp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02s6k3f65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department Research, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel","place":["Basel, Switzerland"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02s6k3f65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Oral Health & Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel","place":["Basel, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.94"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12671"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0051-2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.12317"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910608501002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.gpp3-0042-2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-013-0439-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.05223-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2022.2112831"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-015-2031-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2006.00147.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000324598"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2011.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000088901"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01016-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4302706"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-302x.2002.170602.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-021-00137-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000296306"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.02848-24","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.02848-24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T09:03:47Z","timestamp":1748941427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.02848-24"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Justin R.","family":"Kaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.02848-24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.02848-24","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e02848-24"}}