{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T07:33:08Z","timestamp":1788939188250,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"MEC | Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI16\/01242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI16\/01242"]}]},{"name":"MEC | Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI20\/01397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/01397"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Invasive genotypes of\n            <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            (L1\u2013L3) are responsible for lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), which, in industrialized countries, is prevalent among men who have sex with men. Our aim was to analyze the changing trends and diversification of LGV genovariants detected in Madrid, Spain. The study was launched at a public community healthcare center that has specialized in sexually transmitted infections (STIs) for 10 years (STI1). Screening rates have improved at this center, but LGV diagnoses have drastically increased, especially since 2016. We therefore extended the LGV diagnosis to another public community healthcare center that specializes in STIs (STI2), as well as to two general tertiary hospitals in Madrid from 2017 to 2019. Overall, between 2010 and 2019, 10,833 cases of\n            <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            infection were detected among 121,955 screened samples with 1,253 LGV cases. The molecular characterization of L genotypes identified two main genovariants (ompA-L2 and ompA-L2b) in 2010\u20132014. However, three new successful genovariants (ompA-L2bV1, ompA-L2bV4, and ompA-L2bV7) emerged in 2016\u20132019. In recent years, 3.9% (31\/803) of recombinant forms of ompA were detected between ompA-L2 and ompA-D. From the clinical and epidemiological standpoints, the patients infected by the ompA-L2 and ompA-L2bV1 genovariants were more frequently associated with asymptomatic infections and HIV (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.001), while ompA-L2b and ompA-L2bV4 were more frequently associated with concomitant (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.02) and previous (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.003) STI infections, suggesting distinct sexual networks. These findings suggest a growing trend toward higher transmission rates in the population along with an increasingly complex epidemiological scenario due to the selection of LGV genovariants through mutation and recombination.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Numerous international organizations, including the World Health Organization, have been drawing attention to the global increase in sexually transmitted infections. Twenty years ago, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) was mainly considered a tropical disease; in recent decades, however, LGV has been increasingly present in high-income countries. This increase has been linked to men who have sex with men who participate in highly interconnected sexual networks, leading to a rapid spread of LGV. This study focuses on the spread of LGV, presenting the largest time series of LGV prevalence in Spain, which includes more than a thousand diagnosed cases in one large city. The number of LGV cases diagnosed was analyzed over time, and a selection of strains was subjected to molecular genotyping. The results indicate that the LGV epidemic is gradually evolving toward an increasingly complex diversification due to the selection of successful genovariants that have emerged by mutation and recombination events, suggesting that we are moving toward an unpredictable scenario.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02855-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T14:07:35Z","timestamp":1702562855000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Rapid expansion of lymphogranuloma venereum infections with fast diversification and spread of\n            <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i>\n            L genovariants"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal and Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria (IRYCIS) , Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP) , Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Orviz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) , Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Alba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA) , Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Comuni\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de ITS-Dermatolog\u00eda, Centro Montesa , Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Puerta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) , Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Mateo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiolog\u00eda, Hospital Central de la Defensa G\u00f3mez-Ulla , Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilde","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Conde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal and Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria (IRYCIS) , Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC) , Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Concepci\u00f3n","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal and Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria (IRYCIS) , Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal and Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria (IRYCIS) , Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP) , Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Bru-Gorraiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de 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Gr\u00e1fico: tinder supera los cuatro millones de usuarios de pago en el mundo. Available from: https:\/\/es.statista.com\/grafico\/16052\/usuarios-de-pago-de-tinder\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","unstructured":"Informe del . 2018. Observatorio espa\u00f1ol de las drogas y las adicciones y la delegaci\u00f3n del gobierno para el plan nacional sobre drogas. Available from: https:\/\/pnsd.sanidad.gob.es\/profesionales\/sistemasAlerta\/pdf\/2018_Informe_A"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","volume-title":"Aproximaci\u00f3n al Chemsex en Espa\u00f1a 2021: Encuesta sobre h\u00e1bitos sexuales y consumo de drogas en Espa\u00f1a entre hombre GBHSH\"","author":"Incera D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Incera D , G\u00e1mez M , Ibarguchi L , Garc\u00eda A , Zaro I . 2022. Aproximaci\u00f3n al Chemsex en Espa\u00f1a 2021: Encuesta sobre h\u00e1bitos sexuales y consumo de drogas en Espa\u00f1a entre hombre GBHSH\". 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