{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T12:31:58Z","timestamp":1784637118281,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R35GM137828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35GM137828"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19AI142720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI142720"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              Broad-spectrum antiseptics such as chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) have widespread use as pre-surgical tools to lower skin microbial burden and reduce the risk of surgical site infection. However, the short- and long-term effects of CHG on healthy skin microbial communities remain undefined due to the confounding effects of CHG binding with persistent bacterial DNA on the skin surface. Here, we aim to accurately characterize the immediate and long-term impact of pre-surgical preparation with CHG-based antiseptics on the human skin microbiome. Twenty-eight patients undergoing elective surgeries were enrolled. Swabs of the surgical site and a control site skin microbiome were collected at multiple time points before and up to 2 weeks after surgery. A propidium monoazide (PMAxx)-based viability assay was optimized to selectively evaluate DNA from live microbes in complex skin microbial communities with viability-qPCR and viable 16S ribosomal RNA gene profiling. Pre-operative CHG induces a measurable reduction in the viable microbial bioburden at the surgical site. On the day of surgery, surgical sites displayed a significant increase in the relative abundance of several SSI-associated bacterial genera including\n              <jats:italic>Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Escherichia-Shigella,<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n              compared to baseline.\n              <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n              species isolated from subjects at baseline also demonstrate resistance to CHG with minimum inhibitory concentrations exceeding 1,000 \u00b5g\/mL. Although there are major skin microbiome shifts upon exposure to CHG, we also find that these shifts are largely transient. For the majority of individuals, skin microbial bioburden and community structure recover to near baseline by post-surgical follow-up.\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>Surgical site infections continue to occur despite widespread adoption of surgical antiseptics. Before surgery, patients often wash their whole body multiple times with chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG)-based antiseptic soap and have CHG applied to the surgical site in the operating room. However, the effects of CHG antiseptics on the healthy skin microbiome are undefined due to CHG persisting and binding DNA from dead cells on the skin. We optimized a viability assay to selectively target DNA from live microbes on the skin before and after exposure to CHG. Our findings demonstrate that pre-surgical application of CHG significantly reduces the bioburden on skin; however, potentially pathogenic bacteria remain. Post-surgery, the skin microbiome eventually recovers to resemble its pre-CHG exposed state. Collectively, these findings identify tangible avenues for improving antiseptic formulations and further support that the skin microbiome is viable, stable, and resilient to chemical perturbation.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02873-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T13:02:16Z","timestamp":1744290136000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Still not sterile: viability-based assessment of the skin microbiome following pre-surgical application of a broad-spectrum antiseptic reveals transient pathogen enrichment and long-term recovery"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3102-8033","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Townsend","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health","place":["Madison, USA"]},{"name":"Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, USA"]},{"name":"Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health","place":["Madison, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayla","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health","place":["Madison, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karinda","family":"De La Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health","place":["Madison, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynda","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health","place":["Madison, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelby","family":"Sandstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health","place":["Madison, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delanie","family":"Arend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen","family":"Gromek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University","place":["Hamilton, Canada"]},{"name":"M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, David Bradley Centre for Antibiotic Discovery, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University","place":["Hamilton, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Scarborough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health","place":["Madison, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Huttenlocher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health","place":["Madison, USA"]},{"name":"Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health","place":["Madison, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela L. F.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health","place":["Madison, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4980-5128","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lindsay R.","family":"Kalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health","place":["Madison, USA"]},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University","place":["Hamilton, Canada"]},{"name":"M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, David Bradley Centre for Antibiotic Discovery, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University","place":["Hamilton, Canada"]},{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health","place":["Madison, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.24075"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-021-01392-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2016.10.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2018.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177486"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13786"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20220216"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18634"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","unstructured":"Department of Nursing & University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority. 2021. 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Safety and effectiveness of health care antiseptics; topical antimicrobial drug products for over-the-counter human use:60474\u201360503."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8121977"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.04.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01753-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2019.01.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.11.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0803600404"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.87192"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","unstructured":"Biotium. 2019. PMAxx dye 20 mM in H2O product infornmation. 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