{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:53:45Z","timestamp":1790949225693,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009374","name":"Pakistan Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PSF-NSLP-KP-UAP-887, PSF-NSLP-KP-UAP-891"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSF-NSLP-KP-UAP-887, PSF-NSLP-KP-UAP-891"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010221","name":"Higher Education Commision, Pakistan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SRGP-1327"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRGP-1327"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n Paratuberculosis (Johne\u2019s disease), caused by\n Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic>\n subsp.\n paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n (MAP), is a chronic granulomatous enteritis affecting domestic and wild ruminants worldwide, with significant economic losses. Its potential zoonotic implications in humans have increased concern globally. Despite its global importance, limited data exist on MAP prevalence in Pakistan\u2019s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Peshawar district, Pakistan, using a multimodal diagnostic approach. Serum (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 350), fecal (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 350), and tissue samples (intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes;\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 400) were collected from cattle and buffaloes. Samples were analyzed using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Ziehl-Neelsen staining, histopathology, and PCR targeting IS900, IS1311, and\n Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic>\n -specific genes. Seroprevalence of MAP was 9% (17\/175) in cattle and 4% (7\/175) in buffaloes (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.03). Acid-fast bacilli were detected in 22% (39\/175) of cattle and 10% (19\/175) of buffalo fecal samples. Gross pathological lesions, including thickness\/corrugation in the intestine and hemorrhages\/edematous swelling in the mesenteric lymph node, were found at higher frequencies in cattle compared to buffaloes. PCR confirmed MAP in 5% of cattle and 3% of buffalo tissue samples, while one cattle sample harbored\n M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n . Emaciated animals exhibited significantly higher lesion severity (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001). This study confirms endemic MAP infection in staple livestock of the study area, with higher susceptibility in cattle. This study underscores the importance of molecular diagnostics in surveillance and the critical role of abattoirs in monitoring disease prevalence. The presence of MAP and co-detection of\n M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n highlight the need for integrated control strategies under a One Health framework to investigate and mitigate potential zoonotic risks and production losses in resource-limited dairy systems.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n \n This study provides the first comprehensive molecular epidemiological data on\n Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic>\n subsp.\n paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n (MAP) in cattle and buffaloes from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Using a multimodal approach (serology, histopathology, and PCR), it reveals significant infection rates, with cattle being more susceptible than buffaloes. The work is critically significant as it confirms the endemic presence of MAP in a key dairy region and highlights a concurrent infection with\n Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic>\n , underscoring a compounded potential zoonotic risk. These findings emphasize the urgent need for integrated One Health strategies to mitigate transmission through improved surveillance, milk pasteurization, and control programs in resource-limited settings.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02890-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:00:13Z","timestamp":1790946013000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular epidemiology and pathological burden of\n Mycobacterium avium<\/i>\n subsp.\n paratuberculosis<\/i>\n in staple livestock from Pakistan: implications for zoonotic surveillance and livestock productivity"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6024-1269","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Farhan","family":"Anwar Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02sp3q482","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture","place":["Peshawar, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salman","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02sp3q482","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture","place":["Peshawar, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02sp3q482","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture","place":["Peshawar, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toufeeq ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02sp3q482","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture","place":["Peshawar, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arshad","family":"Zahoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02sp3q482","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture","place":["Peshawar, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khadija Tul","family":"Kubra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02sp3q482","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture","place":["Peshawar, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajwali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02sp3q482","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Livestock Management, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture","place":["Peshawar, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.23.0532"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1943-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10156"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-023-03477-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","unstructured":"Nacy C Buckley M. 2008. Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis: infrequent human pathogen or public health threat. 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