{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T13:15:17Z","timestamp":1753881317538,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712016000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/jats:italic>\n              cause cryptococcosis, a systemic mycosis that infects a wide range of species. Recent molecular biological investigations have allowed for the genotyping of these species, providing more detailed information on their pathogenicity and infection routes. Koalas (\n              <jats:italic>Phascolarctos cinereus<\/jats:italic>\n              ) are frequently colonized by\n              <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n              spp., but molecular epidemiological studies have yet to be conducted in Japan. Here, we conducted multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis on\n              <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n              spp. colonization isolates obtained from all koalas kept in seven parks across Japan. Out of 46 koalas examined, 10 (22%) were positive for\n              <jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>\n              and 3 (6.5%) were positive for\n              <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n              . All\n              <jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>\n              isolates belonged to molecular type VGI and were either sequence type (ST) 51 or a novel ST, and all\n              <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n              isolates belonged to molecular type VNI and ST23. Despite the frequent movement of koalas between parks, the STs were relatively park-specific, suggesting that the floor of the rearing barns is a source of infection and may act as a reservoir. MLST analysis confirmed that\n              <jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>\n              was transported, established, and spread by koalas in areas where\n              <jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>\n              was not originally present. MLST analysis is considered useful in assessing the pathogenicity and tracing the transmission routes of\n              <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n              spp. carried by koalas.\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>\n                This is the first study to conduct a multi-locus sequence typing analysis on\n                <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                spp. carried by captive koalas in Japan. Cryptococcosis remains a globally high-fatality fungal infection in humans, and captive koalas are known to carry a high percentage of\n                <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                spp. Through this research, the molecular types and transmission routes of\n                <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                spp. carried by koalas have been elucidated, revealing the potential role of enclosure flooring as a reservoir. It has been confirmed that\n                <jats:italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/jats:italic>\n                , which is not endemic in Japan, has become established through koalas and is spreading to new individuals in Japan. This study is believed to provide valuable insights into koala conservation and contribute to the One Health approach for Cryptococcosis, a zoonotic infection.\n              <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02903-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T14:01:18Z","timestamp":1709042478000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Molecular epidemiological investigation of\n            <i>Cryptococcus<\/i>\n            spp. carried by captive koalas (\n            <i>Phascolarctos cinereus<\/i>\n            ) in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1889-4690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miki","family":"Omura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Satoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Tamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aya","family":"Komori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1645-3445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koichi","family":"Makimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555816858.ch36"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00511-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a019760"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007777"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-280x.1999.00236.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.40.3.273.282"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.40.3.263.272"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00216-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy144"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","first-page":"792","article-title":"Multispecies outbreak of cryptococcosis on Southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia","volume":"43","author":"Stephen C","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stephen C, Lester S, Black W, Fyfe M, Raverty S. 2002. 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