{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T01:55:25Z","timestamp":1793325325118,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23H00446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23H00446"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22KK0144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22KK0144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Kobayashi Foundation","award":["283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["283"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, especially in developing countries, is a critical healthcare issue. Among these, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria are particularly concerning due to their resistance to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins. Traditional methods for assessing bacterial resistance involve culturing bacteria on selective media from fecal samples, which may lead to selection bias. Alternatively, real-time PCR allows for detecting resistance genes directly from fecal DNA, providing a broader view of resistant bacteria. In this study, we evaluated the utility of a real-time PCR assay targeting ESBL-producing genes as a comprehensive detection method for ESBL-producing resistant bacteria in fecal samples. Additionally, we conducted a multinational comparative analysis of the colonization status of residents using this approach. The study analyzed ESBL genes in fecal samples from 161 residents in four countries: Ecuador, Ghana, Vietnam, and Japan. Samples from Ecuador, Ghana, and Vietnam, where ESBL carriage was notably high, revealed gene variations by country, with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      TEM genes being most common except in Ghana, where\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      SHV genes predominated. These variations suggest that different bacterial hosts carry ESBL genes across countries. Quantitative PCR results further highlight that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      TEM is the most abundant ESBL gene. Although gene presence does not confirm antibiotic resistance, these findings underline significant ESBL carriage in low- and middle-income countries. The study emphasizes that gene detection in fecal samples is valuable for understanding resistant bacteria spread in communities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        The rise of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, particularly extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains, poses a serious threat to healthcare in developing countries. This study utilized real-time PCR to detect ESBL genes directly from fecal DNA of 161 participants across four countries, offering a comprehensive analysis without the biases of traditional culture-based methods. High ESBL gene carriage rates were found in Ecuador, Ghana, and Vietnam, with regional differences in gene prevalence:\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                        TEM dominated in most countries, while\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                        SHV was most frequent in Ghana. These results highlight the widespread community-level dissemination of ESBL genes in low- and middle-income countries, underscoring the importance of using gene detection as a tool for assessing the spread of resistant bacteria.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02920-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T21:08:54Z","timestamp":1746047334000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Multinational comparison of the detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes in healthy resident feces"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2942-1672","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yoshimasa","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024exxj48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University","place":["Gifu, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoa Thi Thanh","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024exxj48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University","place":["Gifu, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen Hai","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024exxj48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University","place":["Gifu, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Appiah-Kwarteng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01r22mr83","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghana","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diep Thi","family":"Khong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04wtn5j93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research and Service, Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Thai Binh, Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thang Nam","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04wtn5j93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research and Service, Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Thai Binh, Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Calvopina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/002kg1049","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"One Health Research Group, Universidad De Las America","place":["Quito, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Bastidas-Caldes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/002kg1049","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"One Health Research Group, Universidad De Las America","place":["Quito, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuyuki","family":"Tetsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024exxj48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Infection Control, School of Medicine, Gifu University","place":["Gifu, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3720-7906","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Masaki","family":"Anraku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health","place":["Osaka, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayumi","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024exxj48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University","place":["Gifu, 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Prevalence of fecal carriage of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae among school children in south Sulawesi, Indonesia. Arch Clin Infect Dis:e96945.","journal-title":"Arch Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2023.0162"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11112937"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.02920-24","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.02920-24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T09:04:07Z","timestamp":1748941447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.02920-24"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Krisztina M.","family":"Papp-Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.02920-24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.02920-24","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e02920-24"}}