{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:33:29Z","timestamp":1787016809786,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["19K16656, 21K15438, 23K06533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K16656, 21K15438, 23K06533"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20K06550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K06550"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007449","name":"Takeda Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007449","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Dermatophytes invade and colonize host superficial tissues via hyphal growth. Although cytoskeletal reorganization and its regulation are essential for hyphal growth, the molecular mechanisms in dermatophytes and their applicability as antifungal drug targets remain poorly understood. The p21-activated kinase (PAK) is a downstream effector of the small GTPases Rac and CDC42, also known as p21, and is involved in various molecular and cellular functions, including actin polymerization and cell morphogenesis. In this study, we investigated the contribution of the PAK protein TrCla4 to morphogenesis and mycelial growth in\n                    <jats:italic>Trichophyton rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the most frequently isolated fungus in dermatophytosis (athlete\u2019s foot). The actin polymerization inhibitor, cytochalasin A inhibited actin accumulation at the hyphal tip and mycelial growth of\n                    <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , suggesting the involvement of the actin cytoskeleton in mycelial growth. In the Tr\n                    <jats:italic>cla4<\/jats:italic>\n                    knockout strain (\u0394Tr\n                    <jats:italic>cla4<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), we observed defects in mycelial growth, hyphal branching, and the accumulation of polymerized actin at the hyphal tip. Chemical inhibitors of TrRac-dependent TrCla4 kinase activity, FRAX486 and IPA-3, also inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth. Interestingly, \u0394Tr\n                    <jats:italic>cla4<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed no additional inhibition of mycelial growth when treated with these inhibitors, indicating that their inhibitory effects are primarily mediated through TrCla4. In an invertebrate dermatophyte infection model, animals infected with \u0394Tr\n                    <jats:italic>cla4<\/jats:italic>\n                    had higher survival rates than those infected with the wild-type, and IPA-3 and FRAX486 treatments both significantly improved animal survival rates. These results suggest that the dermatophyte PAK promotes mycelial growth by facilitating actin polymerization at the hyphal tip, making it a potential therapeutic target for dermatophytosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Superficial fungal infections, such as athlete\u2019s foot, affect more than 10% of the world\u2019s population and have a significant impact on quality of life. Despite the fact that treatment-resistant fungi are a concern, there are just a few antifungal drug targets accessible, as opposed to the wide range of therapeutic targets found in bacterial infections. As a result, additional alternatives are sought. In this study, we generated a PAK TrCla4 deletion strain (\u2206Trcla4) of\n                      <jats:italic>Trichophyton rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The \u2206Trcla4 strain exhibited deficiencies in mycelial growth, hyphal morphology, and polarized actin localization at the hyphal tip. IPA-3 and FRAX486, small chemical inhibitors of mammalian PAK, were discovered to limit fungal mycelial proliferation. According to our findings, fungal PAKs are interesting therapeutic targets for the development of new antifungal medicines.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02923-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T09:09:08Z","timestamp":1698743348000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["TrCla4 promotes actin polymerization at the hyphal tip and mycelial growth in\n                    <i>Trichophyton rubrum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0687-3147","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Masaki","family":"Ishii","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University , Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 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