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Kirschstein National Research Service Award Individual Predoctoral Fellowship to Promote Diversity in Health-Related Research","award":["F31HL160203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31HL160203"]}]},{"name":"University of California Office of the President Awards","award":["MRP-17-454959, VFR-19-633952"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRP-17-454959, VFR-19-633952"]}]},{"name":"The American Association of Immunologists Intersect Fellowship Program for Computational Scientists and Immunologists fellowship"},{"name":"internal Lawrence National Livermore Directed Research and Development funds","award":["22-ERD-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-ERD-010"]}]},{"name":"ASUCM Academic Affairs Fellowships and Undergraduate Research Symposium"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              Coccidioidomycosis, also known as Valley fever, is a disease caused by the fungal pathogen\n              <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n              . Unfortunately, patients are often misdiagnosed with bacterial pneumonia, leading to inappropriate antibiotic treatment. The soil\n              <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n              -like species exhibits antagonistic properties against\n              <jats:italic>Coccidioides in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              ; however, the antagonistic capabilities of host microbiota against\n              <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n              are unexplored. We sought to examine the potential of the tracheal and intestinal microbiomes to inhibit the growth of\n              <jats:italic>Coccidioides in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              . We hypothesized that an uninterrupted lawn of microbiota obtained from antibiotic-free mice would inhibit the growth of\n              <jats:italic>Coccidioides,<\/jats:italic>\n              while partial\n              <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              depletion through antibiotic disk diffusion assays would allow a niche for fungal growth. We observed that the microbiota grown on 2\u00d7GYE (GYE) and Columbia colistin and nalidixic acid with 5% sheep\u2019s blood agar inhibited the growth of\n              <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n              , but microbiota grown on chocolate agar did not. Partial depletion of the microbiota through antibiotic disk diffusion revealed diminished inhibition and comparable growth of\n              <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n              to controls. To characterize the bacteria grown and identify potential candidates contributing to the inhibition of\n              <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n              , 16S rRNA sequencing was performed on tracheal and intestinal agar cultures and murine lung extracts. We found that the host bacteria likely responsible for this inhibition primarily included\n              <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n              . The results of this study demonstrate the potential of the host microbiota to inhibit the growth of\n              <jats:italic>Coccidioides in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              and suggest that an altered microbiome through antibiotic treatment could negatively impact effective fungal clearance and allow a niche for fungal growth\n              <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n              .\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Coccidioidomycosis is caused by a fungal pathogen that invades the host lungs, causing respiratory distress. In 2019, 20,003 cases of Valley fever were reported to the CDC. However, this number likely vastly underrepresents the true number of Valley fever cases, as many go undetected due to poor testing strategies and a lack of diagnostic models. Valley fever is also often misdiagnosed as bacterial pneumonia, resulting in 60%\u201380% of patients being treated with antibiotics prior to an accurate diagnosis. Misdiagnosis contributes to a growing problem of antibiotic resistance and antibiotic-induced microbiome dysbiosis; the implications for disease outcomes are currently unknown. About 5%\u201310% of symptomatic Valley fever patients develop chronic pulmonary disease. Valley fever causes a significant financial burden and a reduced quality of life. Little is known regarding what factors contribute to the development of chronic infections and treatments for the disease are limited.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02978-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T13:12:34Z","timestamp":1717506754000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Host tracheal and intestinal microbiomes inhibit\n            <i>Coccidioides<\/i>\n            growth\n            <i>in vitro<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8647-1983","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susana","family":"Tejeda-Garibay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantitative and Systems Biology, Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA"},{"name":"Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lihong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA"},{"name":"Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas R.","family":"Hum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Pimentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anh L.","family":"Diep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantitative and Systems Biology, Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beheshta","family":"Amiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzanne S.","family":"Sindi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA"},{"name":"Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dina R.","family":"Weilhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela G.","family":"Loots","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, California, USA"},{"name":"6Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lawrence J. Ellison Musculoskeletal Research Center, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5443-0733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrina K.","family":"Hoyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantitative and Systems Biology, Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA"},{"name":"Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, California, USA"},{"name":"Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8070666"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2014.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","unstructured":"Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis) Statistics [Internet]. 2022. 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