{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:16:38Z","timestamp":1788225398253,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013058","name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BE2022329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022329"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013058","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFD1800202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1800202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"\"Jie Bang Gua Shuai\" Project at Yangzhou University","award":["YZUXK202316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZUXK202316"]}]},{"name":"Agriculture Science and Technology Independent Innovation Fund of Jiangsu Province","award":["SCX[22]3547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCX[22]3547"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding Technological Innovation Team of College and University in Jiangsu Province","award":["[2021] No.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2021] No.1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012246","name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PAPD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) and avian pathogenic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (APEC) are prevalent pathogens in the poultry industry, and their co-infection results in synergistic pathogenicity in chickens and significant economic losses. However, the direct interactions between H9N2 AIV and APEC during infection remain unclear. We preincubated H9N2 AIV particles with APEC and found that H9N2 AIV could bind directly to the surface of APEC. The H9N2 AIV-APEC complex enhanced bacterial adhesion to chicken embryo fibroblasts and chicken macrophages (HD11), which could be inhibited by antiserum against H9N2 AIV. The chicken challenge experiment demonstrated that the complex caused significant reductions in body weight, increased bacterial loading in various organs, and resulted in more severe histopathological lesions than APEC alone. However, the complex did not affect virus replication and shedding but elicited a robust hemagglutination inhibition antibody response when compared to H9N2 AIV alone. Additionally, we found that a 3 h interaction between H9N2 AIV and APEC in the complex led to significant morphological changes in the viral envelope, ultimately resulting in the inhibition of virus replication\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      . These findings suggest that the direct interaction between H9N2 AIV and APEC is more conducive to bacterial infection, providing new insights into the synergistic interaction between bacteria and influenza viruses during the early stages of co-infection with H9N2 AIV and APEC.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus and avian pathogenic\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                        are common pathogens in the poultry industry. Their co-infection causes more severe harm and leads to substantial economic losses for the industry, yet the direct interaction between them remained unclear previously. Studies have found that they can bind directly; the formed complex facilitates bacterial invasion of chicken hosts and results in more severe damage. This uncovers the key reason for the greater harm of co-infection, providing a new direction for the prevention and control of such diseases in the poultry industry.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02978-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T12:01:02Z","timestamp":1781524862000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Direct interaction between avian pathogenic\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    and H9N2 avian influenza virus promotes bacterial adhesion during their infections"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tqb8s11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulu","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tqb8s11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tqb8s11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tqb8s11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9034-0580","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiangkai","family":"Zhuge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02afcvw97","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Public Health, Nantong University","place":["Nantong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tqb8s11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tqb8s11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tqb8s11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tqb8s11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tqb8s11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tqb8s11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tqb8s11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tqb8s11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6773-5149","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daxin","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tqb8s11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tqb8s11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tqb8s11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tqb8s11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiufan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tqb8s11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tqb8s11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tqb8s11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0453-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11070620"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01034-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01578-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-104"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-014-0111-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2020.1778162"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.108542"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life12091326"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13515"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1049391"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104359"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2017.1406061"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.555739"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.105983"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01512-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00818-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0447-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00762-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.02.24.529988"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096904"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02952-05"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00816-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-0346-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22271\/chemi.2020.v8.i2l.8860"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-019-0290-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04984.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2049-632X.12053"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2016.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2010.01192.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.04.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-97"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006768"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00267-17"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.02978-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.02978-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:01:40Z","timestamp":1788224500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.02978-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Pugliese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.02978-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.02978-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e02978-25"}}