{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T14:00:00Z","timestamp":1789999200819,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"The changsha natural science foundation project","award":["kq2402117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kq2402117"]}]},{"name":"The horizontal topics of human agricutral university","award":["2022xczx-414, 2019xny-js044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022xczx-414, 2019xny-js044"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a significant foodborne threat to the poultry industry, particularly affecting chicks. Tannic acid (TA), a polyphenol found in plants like chestnut and plum trees, offers antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. This study examined the protective effects of TA on growth performance, gut microbiota, gut barrier function, and liver immune damage in broilers infected with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Results indicated that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection significantly reduced chick growth (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05) and compromised intestinal health, leading to chronic inflammation. Although\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      was undetectable in the intestines and feces 10 days post-infection, it translocated to the liver, causing subclinical infections. This resulted in M1 polarization of hepatic Kupffer cells and increased inflammatory factors (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05), disrupting liver immune homeostasis. Dietary supplementation with 200 mg\/kg TA could effectively improve their growth performance, protect the intestinal barrier, promote intestinal health, inhibit the colonization of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the liver, repair the immune microenvironmental homeostasis in the liver, and improve the hepatic immune function of the broilers. This study suggests that TA protects the intestines and liver from\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      damage by reducing inflammation, repairing the intestinal barrier, decreasing\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      colonization in the liver, improving the liver\u2019s immune environment, and modulating metabolic disorders. This study elucidates the mechanism by which\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      induces persistent liver colonization and hepatic immune dysregulation through the gut-liver axis. Furthermore, it highlights TA\u2019s potential as an antibiotic alternative to reduce\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      -induced liver immune damage through the gut-liver axis, offering a new approach to poultry health management.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        This research addresses a critical challenge in poultry production: controlling persistent\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        infections that evade conventional treatments and contribute to foodborne illness. We show how\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        can \u201chide\u201d in the liver after disappearing from the gut, causing ongoing health problems for the birds. More importantly, our findings reveal that a natural plant compound, tannic acid, can effectively break this cycle. Instead of directly killing the bacteria, it works by strengthening the gut and recalibrating the liver\u2019s immune defenses. This offers a novel, host-directed strategy to combat bacterial infections. Our work provides a scientific foundation for using tannic acid as a sustainable antibiotic alternative in animal feed, which could lead to healthier poultry and safer food products, with significant implications for both animal agriculture and public health.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03188-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T13:00:51Z","timestamp":1789995651000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tannic acid breaks hepatic persistence of\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    and promotes Kupffer cell M2 polarization via the gut-liver axis in 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