{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T16:31:14Z","timestamp":1758126674819,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Impact Accelerator Account (BB\/S506679\/1)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Impact Accelerator Account (BB\/S506679\/1)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/R012490\/1: BBS\/E\/F\/000PR10355 and BBS\/E\/F\/000PR10356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/R012490\/1: BBS\/E\/F\/000PR10355 and BBS\/E\/F\/000PR10356"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/R012504\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/R012504\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BBS\/E\/F\/000PR10348 BBS\/E\/F\/000PR10349 BBS\/E\/F\/000PR10351 and BBS\/E\/F\/000PR10352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/F\/000PR10348 BBS\/E\/F\/000PR10349 BBS\/E\/F\/000PR10351 and BBS\/E\/F\/000PR10352"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Universities","award":["Beatriz Galindo"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Beatriz Galindo"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/Z514445\/10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/Z514445\/10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was originally described as a respiratory illness; however, it is now known that the infection can spread to the gastrointestinal tract, leading to shedding in feces potentially being a source of infection through wastewater. We aimed to assess the prevalence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in fecal and saliva samples for up to 7 weeks post-detection in a cohort of 98 participants from Norfolk, United Kingdom using RT-qPCR. Secondary goals included sequencing the viral isolates present in fecal samples and comparing the genetic sequence with isolates in the saliva of the same participant. Furthermore, we sought to identify factors associated with the presence of detectable virus in feces or saliva after a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Saliva remained SARS-CoV-2-positive for longer periods compared to fecal samples, with all positive fecal samples occurring within 4 weeks of the initial positive test. Detectable virus in fecal samples was positively associated with the number of symptoms experienced by the individuals. Based on the genome sequencing and taxonomic classification of the virus, one donor had a distinct strain in feces compared to saliva on the same collection date, which suggests that different isolates could dominate different tissues. Our results underscore the importance of considering multiple biological samples, such as feces, in the detection and characterization of SARS-CoV-2, particularly in clinical procedures involving patient fecal material transplant. Such insights could contribute to enhancing the safety protocols surrounding the handling of patient samples and aid in devising effective strategies for mitigating the spread of coronavirus disease.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study provides critical insights into the dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) shedding in fecal and saliva samples, demonstrating that while viral RNA is detectable shortly after diagnosis, its prevalence declines rapidly over the course of infection. Detection was more common among individuals with more concurrent symptoms, emphasizing the potential influence of symptom burden on viral persistence. By analyzing a United Kingdom-based cohort, this study fills a significant gap in the literature, which has largely focused on Asian and North American populations, offering a geographically unique perspective on viral shedding dynamics. Our findings contribute to a globally relevant understanding of SARS-CoV-2 shedding by revealing differences in shedding durations compared to studies from other regions. These differences highlight the need for geographically diverse research to account for variations in genetic background, immune response, and healthcare practices.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03195-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T17:28:48Z","timestamp":1742923728000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Temporal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 shedding in feces and saliva: a longitudinal study in Norfolk, United Kingdom during the 2021\u20132022 COVID-19 waves"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6135-6321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee","family":"Kellingray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park","place":["Norwich, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9190-124X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George M.","family":"Savva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park","place":["Norwich, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5683-7924","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Enriqueta","family":"Garcia-Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park","place":["Norwich, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Agronomic Engineering-ETSIA, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII","place":["Cartagena, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jemma","family":"Snell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park","place":["Norwich, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park","place":["Norwich, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0482-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Alejandro","family":"Yara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park","place":["Norwich, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Altera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park","place":["Norwich, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5247-1320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"de Oliveira Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park","place":["Norwich, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7797-9833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chloe","family":"Hutchins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park","place":["Norwich, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park","place":["Norwich, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonietta","family":"Hayhoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park","place":["Norwich, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Hacon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust","place":["Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7354-3532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ngozi","family":"Elumogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust","place":["Norwich, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2968-7558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arjan","family":"Narbad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park","place":["Norwich, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5814-9471","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lizbeth","family":"Sayavedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park","place":["Norwich, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107915"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.617980"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111064"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1024041"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-328319"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15081625"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-015-0439-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-321195"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25825"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-022-00553-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539520940931"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1772677"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115485"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.52540.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162953"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.978643"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02297-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","unstructured":"Control CfD Prevention. 2020. CDC 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) real-time RT-PCR diagnostic panel."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-021-00839-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000589"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veab064"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30054-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Oliveira Martins L Mather AE Page AJ. 2023. Scalable neighbour search and alignment with uvaia. Bioinformatics. doi:10.1101\/2023.01.31.526458","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.01.31.526458"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa015"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02101694"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00160154"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000343"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01810-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16036"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17438"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","first-page":"S342","volume-title":"SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in feces of very young children, a longitudinal study","author":"Nashed LM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nashed LM, Mani J, Hazrati S, Richards T, Nerikar N, Ravi S, Mattei L, Levy S, Maxwell G, Hourigan S. 2021. SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in feces of very young children, a longitudinal study, p S342\u2013S342. Oxford University Press US."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hayles EH Page AJ Kingsley RA Guitian J Langridge GC. 2024. Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Norfolk UK March 2020 \u2013 December 2022. doi:10.1101\/2024.09.05.611382:2024.09.05.611382","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.09.05.611382:2024.09.05.611382"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.835168"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141364"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06664-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10122696"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-321829"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.03195-24","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.03195-24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T13:04:38Z","timestamp":1746536678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.03195-24"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Eleanor A.","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.03195-24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.03195-24","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2165-0497"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e03195-24"}}