{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:15:26Z","timestamp":1785417326713,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n The environmental bacterium\n Castellaniella<\/jats:italic>\n revealed its clinical relevance from case reports, causing fatal infections in animals. The lack of phenotypic and genomic characterization may have historically contributed to the scattered identification of\n Castellaniella<\/jats:italic>\n in the field and in the laboratory. This pioneer study addressed this knowledge gap by performing phenotypic and genomic characterization of\n C. ginsengisoli<\/jats:italic>\n isolated from 22 clinical cases of chickens. We observed that\n C. ginsengisoli<\/jats:italic>\n isolates exhibited three colony morphologies on blood agar and presented flagella under transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for penicillins, indicating a potential intrinsic mechanism of resistance to \u00df-lactams. Efflux pump genes (\n adeF, qacG<\/jats:italic>\n ) and \u03b2-lactamase genes were identified in the whole genomes of all isolates, which could be linked to the high MICs observed for \u03b2-lactams. Low MICs for sulfonamides and tetracyclines, among other antimicrobials, were observed for most of the isolates, suggesting a potential treatment option for birds and other affected animals. We further confirmed that all isolates belong to the species\n C. ginsengisoli<\/jats:italic>\n through the average nucleotide identity analysis. Additional genomic analysis revealed several putative virulence genes, including superoxide dismutase (\n sodB<\/jats:italic>\n ), adhesin (\n tadB<\/jats:italic>\n ), outer membrane (\n ompA<\/jats:italic>\n ), iron scavenging gene (\n fur<\/jats:italic>\n ), and secretion systems. This study documented, for the first time, the phenotypic features,\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n activity of antimicrobials, and provided a comprehensive genomic characterization of clinical isolates of\n C. ginsengisoli<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n \n IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n \n The perception of\n Castellaniella ginsengisoli<\/jats:italic>\n as an environmental bacterium has led to a lack of specific diagnostic tools, hindering the characterization of clinically associated isolates. With the increasing number of cases of\n Castellaniella<\/jats:italic>\n in birds, there is a need to define characteristics to assist identification, therapeutic guidance, and understanding its potential pathogenicity mechanism. This study provided a comprehensive characterization of 22\n C. ginsengisoli<\/jats:italic>\n clinical isolates from chickens, which included colony morphology features, the\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n activity of antimicrobials, and the resistant genetic markers identified through genomic characterization. We further provided a list of putative virulence genes and suggested how these genes may participate in the process of pathogenicity. This novel, comprehensive study laid the foundation for future research into\n C. ginsengisoli,<\/jats:italic>\n which is likely an emerging pathogen in chickens as well as other animals.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03197-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T14:00:41Z","timestamp":1771855241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phenotypic and genomic characterization of\n Castellaniella ginsengisoli<\/i>\n , an emerging pathogen associated with disease in birds"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4788-7839","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yi-Chen","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00te3t702","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia","place":["Athens, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffani","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Best Dressed Chicken","place":["Ward, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Nicholds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prairie Livestock Veterinarians","place":["Red Deer, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Ard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00te3t702","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Georgia Electron Microscopy, University of Georgia","place":["Athens, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6255-690X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tatum D.","family":"Mortimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00te3t702","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia","place":["Athens, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6952-1598","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Grazieli","family":"Maboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00te3t702","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia","place":["Athens, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/760950"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.63989-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.018887-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00331-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01097-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40793-024-00570-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-010-9724-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-143-6-1919"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-14-164"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-003-4058-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"94","article-title":"Unilateral granulomatous orchitis in a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): a case report","volume":"136","author":"Wiersma L","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wiersma L, Reubsaet FAG, Wolfe AG, de Jong PAC, Gr\u00f6ne A. 2011. 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