{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T05:19:38Z","timestamp":1767676778737,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707177600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002879","name":"Canadian HIV Trials Network, Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002879","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Gouvernement du Canada | Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002879","name":"Canadian HIV Trials Network, Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002879","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002879","name":"Canadian HIV Trials Network, Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002879","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R21AI140418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI140418"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Drug repurposing efforts led to the discovery of bactericidal activity in auranofin, a gold-containing drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Auranofin kills Gram-positive bacteria by inhibiting thioredoxin reductase, an enzyme that scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite the presence of thioredoxin reductase in Gram-negative bacteria, auranofin is not always active against them. It is not clear whether the lack of activity in several Gram-negative bacteria is due to the cell envelope barrier or the presence of other ROS protective enzymes such as glutathione reductase (GOR). We previously demonstrated that chemical analogs of auranofin (MS-40 and MS-40S), but not auranofin, are bactericidal against the Gram-negative\n            <jats:italic>Burkholderia cepacia<\/jats:italic>\n            complex. Here, we explore the targets of auranofin, MS-40, and MS-40S in\n            <jats:italic>Burkholderia cenocepacia<\/jats:italic>\n            and elucidate the mechanism of action of the auranofin analogs by a genome-wide, randomly barcoded transposon screen (BarSeq). Auranofin and its analogs inhibited the\n            <jats:italic>B. cenocepacia<\/jats:italic>\n            thioredoxin reductase and induced ROS but did not inhibit the bacterial GOR. Genome-wide, BarSeq analysis of cells exposed to MS-40 and MS-40S compared to the ROS inducers arsenic trioxide, diamide, hydrogen peroxide, and paraquat revealed common and unique mediators of drug susceptibility. Furthermore, deletions of\n            <jats:italic>gshA<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>gshB<\/jats:italic>\n            that encode enzymes in the glutathione biosynthetic pathway led to increased susceptibility to MS-40 and MS-40S. Overall, our data suggest that the auranofin analogs kill\n            <jats:italic>B. cenocepacia<\/jats:italic>\n            by inducing ROS through inhibition of thioredoxin reductase and that the glutathione system has a role in protecting\n            <jats:italic>B. cenocepacia<\/jats:italic>\n            against these ROS-inducing compounds.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The Burkholderia cepacia complex is a group of multidrug-resistant bacteria that can cause infections in the lungs of people with the autosomal recessive disease, cystic fibrosis. Specifically, the bacterium Burkholderia cenocepacia can cause severe infections, reducing lung function and leading to a devastating type of sepsis, cepacia syndrome. This bacterium currently does not have an accepted antibiotic treatment plan because of the wide range of antibiotic resistance. Here, we further the research on auranofin analogs as antimicrobials by finding the mechanism of action of these potent bactericidal compounds, using a powerful technique called BarSeq, to find the global response of the cell when exposed to an antimicrobial.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03201-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T14:01:06Z","timestamp":1704981666000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The mechanism of action of auranofin analogs in\n            <i>B. cenocepacia<\/i>\n            revealed by chemogenomic profiling"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Dustin T.","family":"Maydaniuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brielle","family":"Martens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0782-012X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Hogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Lorente Cobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Motnenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dang","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sajani H.","family":"Liyanage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingdi","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Prehna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0629-8886","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Silvia T.","family":"Cardona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology &amp; 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