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The biogenic synthesis yielded nanoparticles with an average size of 10 \u00b1 2.22 nm, whereas the chemical method produced particles averaging 75 \u00b1 2.8 nm. The nanoparticles were incorporated into textiles (70% cotton, 30% polyester) through\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                      and post-synthesis functionalization methods. The functionalized textiles exhibited significant antibacterial efficacy against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      ATCC 25922, with inhibition rates exceeding 99.9%: 99.98% for the chemical post-synthesis method, 99.94% for the biogenic post-synthesis method, and 99.90% for the biogenic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                      method. However, no significant antibacterial effect was observed against extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains. These findings highlight the critical role of nanoparticle size and functionalization method in antimicrobial effectiveness, underscoring the potential of green synthesis for the development of sustainable antibacterial textiles.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This article demonstrates a differential response to copper oxide nanoparticles between an antibiotic-sensitive\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      strain and another strain of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      resistant to antibiotics, such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Therefore, it could be thought that resistance to the effects of copper oxide nanoparticles could be related to antibiotic resistance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03212-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T13:00:09Z","timestamp":1775221209000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Green and chemical synthesis of Cu\n                    <sub>\u2082<\/sub>\n                    O nanoparticles for antibacterial functionalization of textiles: a comparative study against\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    strains"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9773-2579","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luis Casta\u00f1eda","family":"Pelaez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la 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